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" Fouché went so far as to declare a new civic religion of his own, virtually interchangeable with what would become known as the Cult of Reason, at a ceremony he dubbed the " Feast of Brutus " on 22 September 1793.
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Fouché and went
Fouché went on to Lyon in November with Jean-Marie Collot d ' Herbois to execute the reprisals of the Convention.
Fouché and so
" Fouché, claiming that " Terror, salutary terror, is now the order of the day here .... We are causing much impure blood to flow, but it is our duty to do so, it is for humanity's sake ," called for the execution of 1, 905 citizens.
Fouché closed the Jacobin Club in a daring manner, hunting down those pamphleteers and editors, whether Jacobins or Royalists, who were influential critics of the government, so that at the time of the return of general Napoleon Bonaparte from the Egyptian campaign ( October 1799 ), the ex-Jacobin was one of the most powerful men in France.
And again, Fouché's services were necessary: as Talleyrand, another notorious intrigant, became the prime minister of the Kingdom of France, Fouché was named his minister of police: so he was a minister of King Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI.
Talleyrand certainly did so in the sphere of diplomacy ; Fouché may occasionally have done so in the sphere of intrigue.
" Memlik is so taken with the comparison that he orders a bust of Fouché from France, which then sits in his reception room gathering dust.
Fouché and far
In the ensuing Directory government ( 1795 – 1799 ), Fouché remained at first in obscurity, but the relations he had with the far left, once headed by Chaumette and now by François-Noël Babeuf, helped him to rise once more.
This far more serious attempt ( in which conspirators exploded a bomb near the First Consul's carriage with results disastrous to the bystanders ) was soon seen by Fouché as the work of Royalists.
Fouché and new
As a military commander despatched by the Jacobins to enforce their new laws, Fouché led a particularly zealous campaign of dechristianisation.
Fouché and religion
" Ironically enough, it was only a year previous that Fouché had been " an advocate of the role of the clergy in education ," yet he was now " abandoning the role of religion in society altogether in favour of ' the revolutionary and clearly philosophical spirit ' he had first wanted for education.
Fouché and own
But the autocratic tendencies of Napoleon could not be overridden, and Fouché, seeing the fall of the emperor to be imminent, took measures to expedite it and secure his own interests.
Fouché and with
Napoleon made him Minister of the Interior under the Consulate, which enabled Lucien to falsify the results of the plebiscite but which brought him into competition with Joseph Fouché, the chief of police, who showed Napoleon a subversive pamphlet that was probably written by Lucien, and effected a breach between the brothers.
However, he failed to reach any agreement with the French leader, who regarded Kościuszko as a " fool " who " overestimated his influence " in Poland ( letter from Napoleon to Fouché, 1807 ).
In this extremity, < span lang =" fr "> Sieyès </ span > chose as minister of police the old Terrorist < span lang =" fr "> Joseph Fouché </ span >, who best understood how to deal with his brethren.
Perhaps at the urging of < span lang =" fr "> Talleyrand </ span >, Napoleon's foreign minister, and < span lang =" fr "> Fouché, Napoleon </ span >' s minister of police who had warned that " the air is full of daggers ", the First Consul came to the political conclusion that the Duke must be dealt with.
That body sent Fouché with a colleague, Villers, as representatives on mission invested with almost dictatorial powers for the crushing of the revolt of " the whites " ( the royalist colour ).
Fouché, however, was working with his usual energy and plotted Robespierre's overthrow from behind the scenes while in hiding in Paris.
This also brought divisions in the Thermidor group, which soon became almost isolated, with Fouché spending all his energy on countering the attacks of the moderates.
After the proclamation of the First French Empire, Fouché again became head of the re-constituted ministry of police ( July 1804 ), and later of Internal Affairs, with activities as important as those carried out under the Consulate.
After Napoléon's ultimate defeat ( Battle of Waterloo ), Fouché again started plotting against his master and joined the opposition of the parliament ( after the defeat of Waterloo ) and headed the provisional government and tried to negotiate with the allies.
A quintessential political opportunist, Joseph Fouché served many masters, all with the same calculating guile.
Fouché was featured as one of the two main ( and only ) characters in the play by Jean-Claude Brisville Supping with the Devil in which he is depicted dining with Talleyrand while deciding how to preserve their respective power under the coming regime.
The cast included Hal Linden as Mayer Rothschild, Leila Martin as Gutele, Jill Clayburgh as Hannah Cohen, Keene Curtis in the multiple roles of the various national leaders doing business with the Rothschild family ( Prince William of Hesse, Joseph Fouché, Herries, and Prince Metternich ), Paul Hecht as Nathan Rothschild, Chris Sarandon as Jacob Rothschild, and Robby Benson as young Solomon Rothschild.
During the Consulate, his friends Talleyrand and Fouché managed to remove his name from the list of the wanted, and returned to France in 1801, where he was retired with the patent of Divisional General.
Fouché and would
Fouché was likely to be convicted and executed for treason and atheism, since Robespierre himself was about to denounce him in a speech to the Convention, which would have been delivered the day after the coup d ' état ( 28 July ).
When Napoleon showed himself eager to blame the still powerful Jacobins, Fouché firmly declared that he would not only assert but would prove that the outrage was the work of Royalists.
Fouché would later say of Enghien's subsequent execution, " It was worse than a crime ; it was a mistake.
Fouché and become
Fouché did become a senator and took half of the reserve funds of the police which had accumulated during his tenure of office.
Fouché and known
In other matters ( especially in that known as the Plot of the Placards in the spring of 1802 ), Fouché was thought to have saved the Jacobins from the vengeance of the Consulate, and Bonaparte decided to rid himself of a man who had too much power to be desirable as a subordinate.
* Reign of Terror ( 1949, also known as The Black Book ) as Fouché
Fouché and Cult
In the Nièvre department, Fouché ransacked churches, sent their valuables to the treasury, and helped established the Cult of Reason.
Fouché and at
In the end, through the interventions of Joseph Fouché and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, he was appointed consul at Alicante, and remained there until he lost the sight of one eye from yellow fever.
In October 1790, he was transferred by the Oratorians to their college at Nantes, in an attempt to control his advocacy of revolutionary principles-however, Fouché became even more of a democrat.
Modern research, however, demonstrates that at the close of those horrors Fouché exercised a moderating influence.
However, early in June 1794, at the time of Robespierre's " Festival of the Supreme Being ", Fouché ventured to mock the theistic revival which Robespierre then inaugurated.
Fouché was careful to temper Napoleon's more arbitrary actions, which at times won him the gratitude even of the royalists.
** The Fouché Memoirs ( not genuine, but they were apparently compiled, at least in part, from notes written by Fouché )
He was involved in the royalist movement of the 13th Vendmiaire, and condemned to deportation after the 18th Fructidor ; but, thanks to powerful influence, he was left forgotten in prison till after the 18th Brumaire, when he was set at liberty by Joseph Fouché.
His career is of particular interest because he was among political figures such as Joseph Fouché who at first aggressively supported the Terror, only to betray its leaders ( including Maximilien Robespierre ) and support the various conservative reactionary régimes that followed.
Priests were among those drowned in mass executions ( noyades ) for treason under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Carrier ; priests and nuns were among the mass executions at Lyon, for separatism, on the orders of Joseph Fouché and Collot d ' Herbois.
Fouché and on
This is supposedly based on an account by Joseph Fouché, the Parisian chief of police, but the supposed book by Fouché is impossible to trace.
Lyon, on 23 November, was declared to be in a " state of revolutionary war " by Collot and Fouché.
A sharp exchange took place between them, and Robespierre tried to expel Fouché from the Jacobin Club on 14 July 1794.
Fouché engineered Robespierre's overthrow, culminating in the dramatic Coup of the 9th Thermidor on 28 July 1794.
Fouché is reported to have worked furiously on the overthrow:
Fouché, as both a ruthless suppressor of Federalist rebellion and one of the proponents of Robespierre's overthrow, demonstrated the mercilessness that politics took on in France during the de-Christianization period.
Fouché was a dangerous critic of Robespierre, and his influence undoubtedly contributed to Robespierre's apparent nervous breakdown, which loosened his hold on Parisian politics and the Convention, and ultimately led to his overthrow and execution.
When, during the absence of Napoleon in the Austrian campaign of 1809, the British Walcheren expedition threatened the safety of Antwerp, Fouché issued an order to the préfet of the northern départments of the Empire for the mobilization of 60, 000 National Guards, adding to the order this statement: " Let us prove to Europe that although the genius of Napoleon can throw lustre on France, his presence is not necessary to enable us to repulse the enemy ".
At the moment of his departure, Fouché took the risk of not surrendering to Napoleon all of certain important documents of his former ministry ( falsely declaring that the some had been destroyed ); the emperor's anger was renewed, and Fouché, on learning of this after his arrival to Florence, prepared to sail to the United States.
On the break-up of the Napoleonic system in Germany ( October 1813 ), Fouché was ordered on missions to Rome and thence to Naples, in order to watch the movements of Joachim Murat.
Ironically, Fouché had voted for the death sentence on Louis XVI.
Fouché was portrayed by French actor Gérard Depardieu on the mini-series Napoleon.
He died on 2 October 1982, leaving behind his wife and two sons, Jacobus Johannes (' Jimmy ') Fouché and Jacobus Adriaan Louw (' Koos ') Fouché.
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