Seven Founders -- George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay -- determined the destinies of the new nation.

A miniature civil war in Bleeding Kansas led pro-South Presidents Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan to attempt a forced admission of Kansas as a slave state.

In the 1950s, James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins were instrumental in solving DNA structure and suggesting its relationship with genetic transfer of information.

* Booknotes interview with James Srodes on Franklin: The Essential Founding Father, May 19, 2002.

* Franklin, James.

* Franklin, James ( 2001 ).

Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were Hugh Chisholm ( 1902 – 1924 ), James Louis Garvin ( 1926 – 1932 ), Franklin Henry Hooper ( 1932 – 1938 ), Walter Yust ( 1938 – 1960 ), Harry Ashmore ( 1960 – 1963 ), Warren E. Preece ( 1964 – 1968, 1969 – 1975 ), Sir William Haley ( 1968 – 1969 ), Philip W. Goetz ( 1979 – 1991 ), and Robert McHenry ( 1992 – 1997 ).

The first practical electron microscope was constructed in 1938, at the University of Toronto, by Eli Franklin Burton and students Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus ; and Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope ( TEM ) in 1939.

Serious efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, who used the experimental evidence of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin ( among others ).

Using X-ray crystallography, the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick with the help of previously documented experimental evidence by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.

These include Richard Kirwan, John Smeaton, Henry Moyes, John Michell, Pieter Camper, R. E. Raspe, John Baskerville, Thomas Beddoes, John Wyatt, William Thomson, Cyril V. Jackson, Jean-André Deluc, John Wilkinson, John Ash, Samuel More, Robert Bage, James Brindley, Ralph Griffiths, John Roebuck, Thomas Percival, Joseph Black, James Hutton, Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Banks, William Herschel, Daniel Solander, John Warltire, George Fordyce, Alexander Blair, Samuel Parr, Louis Joseph d ' Albert d ' Ailly, the seventh Duke of Chaulnes, Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, Grossart de Virly ,, Johann Gottling.

Benjamin Franklin, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson followed Machiavelli's republicanism when they opposed what they saw as the emerging aristocracy that they feared Alexander Hamilton was creating with the Federalist Party.

* 1980 – James Franklin, New Zealand cricketer

The " Founding Fathers " were strong advocates of republican values, especially Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.

Trident were also retrofitted onto 12 SSBNs of the James Madison and Benjamin Franklin classes, replacing Poseidon missiles.

Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, James M. Cox as president and Franklin Delano Roosevelt as vice president, but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.

In the 1920 election, Harding ran against Democratic Ohio Governor James M. Cox, whose running mate was Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In 2010, a Siena College Research Institute survey of 238 presidential scholars ranked Harding 41st among the 43 men who had been president, between Franklin Pierce ( 40th ) and James Buchanan ( 42nd ); Andrew Johnson was adjudged the worst.

The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the Human Genome Project ( not finished in the 20th century ) and cloning the first mammal in 1996.

Notable members of the Industrial Workers of the World have included Lucy Parsons ; Helen Keller ; Joe Hill ; Ralph Chaplin ; Ricardo Flores Magon ; James P. Cannon ; James Connolly ; Jim Larkin ; Paul Mattick ; Big Bill Haywood ; Eugene Debs ; David Dellinger ; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn ; Sam Dolgoff, Monty Miller ; Indian Nationalist Lala Hardayal ; Frank Little ; ACLU founder Roger Nash Baldwin ; Harry Bridges, briefly, later helped form ILWU ; Minnesota Governor Floyd B. Olson ; Buddhist beat poet Gary Snyder ; Fredy Perlman ; Australian poets Harry Hooton and Lesbia Harford ; graphic artist Carlos Cortez ; artist Kevin McCoy ; counterculture icon Kenneth Rexroth ; Surrealist Franklin Rosemont ; Rosie Kane and Carolyn Leckie, former Members of the Scottish Parliament ; labor and environmental organizer Judi Bari ; folk musicians Utah Phillips, Harry McClintock, Anne Feeney, and David Rovics ; crime writer Jim Thompson ; Finnish folk music legend Hiski Salomaa ; Catholic Workers Dorothy Day and Ammon Hennacy.

He read Magellan and James Cook, the arctic explorers Franklin, Mackenzie and Parry, David Livingstone and Richard Francis Burton on Africa, Lewis and Clark ; and hundreds of lesser-known works by explorers and literate travelers.

For example, James Farley used his position as Postmaster General during Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal administration to reward party loyalists within Congress who supported Roosevelt's initial " 100 days " legislation with federal patronage for their states.

However, it was not easy for Coppola to convince Franklin J. Schaffner that the opening scene would work.

( from far left ) Stanley O ' Toole, Gregory Peck and Franklin J. Schaffner outside Franklin & Marshall College after accepting an honorary degree in 1977.

Schaffner was born in Tokyo, Japan, the son of missionaries Sarah ( née Swords ) and Paul Franklin Schaffner, and was raised in Japan.

* 1920 – Franklin Schaffner, American director ( d. 1989 )

* May 30 – Franklin Schaffner, American film and television director ( d. 1989 )

** Franklin Schaffner, American film director ( b. 1920 )

It was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner.

The Boys from Brazil is a 1978 British-American thriller film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner.

Category: Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner

* " Papillon " is the title of Henri Charriere's 20th Century autobiographical novel concerning a Frenchman interned on a penal colony in French Guiana, and the 1973 movie directed by Franklin J. Schaffner.

He also won the institute's Franklin J. Schaffner Alumni Medal.

* Franklin Schaffner ( 1920 – 1989 ), film director

The first was Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ), a science fiction feature film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner from a screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling.

* The War Lord ( 1965 ), a film by Franklin J. Schaffner, starring Charlton Heston as a knight who falls in love with a peasant woman, using droit de seigneur to claim her on her wedding night.

In 1973, his book Papillon was made into a film directed by Franklin Schaffner, in which the actor Steve McQueen takes the title role ( Charrière ).

Some of Lloyd's favorite filmmakers include John Ford, Kenji Mizoguchi, Ernst Lubitsch, Stan Brakhage and Franklin Schaffner.

* The War Lord, a 1965 film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner or the film's theme music composed by Jerome Moross

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The six-foot-one-inch ( 1. 85-m ) Boone continued to appear in movies, typically as the villain, including The Raid ( 1954 ), Man Without a Star ( 1955 King Vidor ), The Tall T ( 1957 Budd Boetticher ), The War Lord ( 1965 Franklin Schaffner ), Hombre ( 1967 Martin Ritt ), The Arrangement ( 1969 Elia Kazan ), The Kremlin Letter ( 1970 John Huston ), Big Jake ( 1971 Michael Wayne ), and The Shootist ( 1976 Don Siegel ).

The novel was adapted by Loring Mandel into the 1960 Broadway play Advise and Consent ( play ), directed by Franklin Schaffner and starring Richard Kiley, Ed Begley.

The film was directed by the future Oscar winning Director Franklin J. Schaffner, and the screenplay was by John Collier.

Category: Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner