A nineteenth century French art style and movement that originated as a reaction to the Baroque.

Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and in French poetry of the early modern and modern periods.

In 1973, French dance historian Francine Lancelot ( 1929 – 2003 ) began her formal studies in ethnomusicology which later lead her to researching French traditional dance forms and eventually Renaissance and Baroque dances.

* 1657 – Michel Richard Delalande, French Baroque composer and organist ( d. 1726 )

Jules Hardouin Mansart became France's most important architect of the period, bringing the pinnacle of French Baroque architecture.

Although incorporating Italian and French stylistic elements into his compositions, Purcell's legacy was a uniquely English form of Baroque music.

Unlike in the past there are many types of lutes encountered today: 5-course medieval lutes, renaissance lutes of 6 to 10 courses in many pitches for solo and ensemble performance of Renaissance works, the archlute of Baroque works, 11-course lutes in d-minor tuning for 17th century French, German and Czech music, 13 / 14-course d-minor tuned German Baroque Lutes for later High Baroque and Classical music, theorbo for basso continuo parts in Baroque ensembles, gallichons / mandoras, bandoras, orpharions and others.

The French Baroque school is exemplified by composers such as Ennemond Gaultier ( 1575 – 1651 ), Denis Gaultier ( 1597 / 1603 – 1672 ), François Dufaut ( before 1604 – before 1672 ) and many others.

* 1687 – Jean Baptiste Senaillé, French born Baroque composer and violin virtuoso ( d. 1730 )

* 1599 – Étienne Moulinié, French Baroque composer ( d. 1676 )

French Baroque composer Michel Pignolet de Montéclair composed " Pan et Syrinx ", a cantata for voice & ensemble ( No 4 of Second livre de cantates ).

The 17th century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent was characterized by the Dutch Golden Age, the Baroque cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, and The General Crisis.

It developed in 16th century England, and was quickly adopted on the Continent where it eventually became the final movement of the mature Baroque dance suite ( the French gigue ; Italian and Spanish giga ).

Its distinctive rhythmic profile and function thus led to the French overture style as found in the works of late Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach.

There is a cantata by the French Baroque composer André Campra telling the story of Arion

The Brooks ' permanent collection includes works from the Italian Renaissance and Baroque eras to British, French Impressionists, and 20th-century artists.

In the Baroque period the design approaches developed in French formal gardens such as Versailles were extended into urban development and redevelopment.

Built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1675-1683 for the duc de Chevreuse, Colbert's son-in-law, is a French Baroque château of manageable size.

Inspired by St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the original for all Baroque domes, it is one of the triumphs of French Baroque architecture.

The variations found just after each canon are genre pieces of various types, among them three Baroque dances ( 4, 7, 19 ); a fughetta ( 10 ); a French overture ( 16 ); and two ornate arias for the right hand ( 13, 25 ).

The French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee reviewed the 2009 Vendômois et al.

Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

For this purpose, an agreement was signed with the French government, represented by the High Commissioner for French Polynesia, whereby Clipperton became French state property.

On February 21, 2007, the administration of Clipperton was transferred from the High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia to the Minister of Overseas France.

The French Territory of Afars and Issas also differed from French Somaliland in terms of government structure, as the position of Governor General changed to that of High Commissioner.

The older mixed Vulgate / Diatessaron text type also appears to have continued as a distinct tradition, as such texts appear to underlie surviving 13th-14th century Gospel harmonies in Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle French, Middle English, Tuscan and Venetian ; although no example of this hypothetical Latin sub-text has ever been identified.

The French word owes something to both Old High German olbenta " camel ", and to Latin elephantus " elephant ", a word of Greek origin.

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

The word flute first entered the English language during the Middle English period, as floute ,, or else flowte, flo ( y ) te, possibly from Old French flaute and from Old Provençal flaüt, or else from Old French fleüte, flaüte, flahute via Middle High German floite or Danish fluit.

The term gambeson is a loan from Old French gambeson, gambaison, originally wambais, formed after the Middle High German term wambeis " doublet ", in turn from Old High German wamba " stomach " ( cognate to womb.

The " difficulty " of English as a written language thus began in the High Middle Ages, when French orthographic conventions were used to spell a language whose original, more suitable orthography had been forgotten after centuries of nonuse.

* Togoland was split into British Togoland ( under an Administrator, a post filled by the colonial Governor of the British Gold Coast ( present Ghana ) except 30 September 1920 – 11 October 1923 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson ) and French Togoland ( under a Commissioner ) ( United Kingdom and France ), 20 July 1922 separate Mandates, transformed on 13 December 1946 into United Nations trust territories, French Togo Associated Territory ( under a Commissioner till 30 August 1956, then under a High Commissioner as Autonomous Republic of Togo ) and British Togoland ( as before ; on 13 December 1956 it ceased to exist as it became part of Ghana )

The judiciary is modeled on the French system, with a High Constitutional Court, High Court of Justice, Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, criminal tribunals, and tribunals of first instance.

* 2003 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( b. 1933 )

The French State is represented in the territory by a High Commissioner.

The representative of the French central state in New Caledonia is the High Commissioner of the Republic ( Haut-Commissaire de la République, locally known as " haussaire "), who is the head of civil services, and who sits in the government of the territory.

They are written in three different languages: Medieval Latin, Langue d ′ oïl ( Old French ) and Old High German.

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

As well as the Hall, Waterhouse built a new range of rooms, Red Buildings ( 1871 – 2 ), in French Renaissance style, designed a new Master's Lodge on the site of Paschal Yard ( 1873, later to become N staircase ), pulled down the old Lodge and the south range of Old Court to open a vista to the Chapel, and finally built a new Library ( 1877 – 8 ) in the continental Gothic style.

* Construction on the Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir ; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style.

* 1284 – Construction on the Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir ; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style.

Over the following centuries the three terms grotesque, moresque and arabesque were used largely interchangeably in English, French and German for styles of decoration derived at least as much from the European past as the Islamic world, with " grotesque " gradually acquiring its main modern meaning, related more to Gothic gargoyles and caricature than to either Pompeii-style Roman painting or Islamic patterns.

The result is that the Cathedral reflects a hodgepodge of architectural styles, with a Gothic nave, a Romanesque crossing under the dome ; chapels in French, English and Spanish Gothic styles, as well as Norman and Byzantine ; Gothic choir stalls, and Roman arches and columns separating the high altar and ambulatory.

Henry appointed French architects from Rheims to renovate Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style.

Other famous structures include the Gothic Church of St Maclou ( 15th century ); the Tour Jeanne d ' Arc, where Joan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture ( contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there ); the Church of Saint Ouen ( 12th – 15th century ); the Palais de Justice, which was once the seat of the Parlement ( French court of law ) of Normandy and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of faïence and porcelain for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries.

According to Lester Burbank Bridaham, writing in Gargoylaes, Chimeres and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture, " There is much symbolism in the sculpture of Gothic period ; but we must be wary of reading in too much meaning.

* pignus " proof, token, pledge " > wadius, from Gothic wadi ( French gage " pledge ", Occitan gadi " will ( testament )"; vs. Romansh pegn, Italian pegno, Occitan penha )

Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.

The type of tracery that evolved to fill these spaces is known in England as Geometric Decorated Gothic and can be seen to splendid effect at many English and French Cathedrals, notably Lincoln and Notre Dame in Paris.

Although located in the heart of the old County of Hainaut, Saint Waltrude's Collegiate Church ( collégiale Sainte-Waudru in French ) is one of the most characteristic churches and most homogeneous of Brabantine Gothic architecture.

Widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and among the most well-known churches ever built, Notre Dame is the cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Paris ; that is, it is the church that contains the cathedra ( official chair ) of the Archbishop of Paris, currently André Vingt-Trois.

Hugo's Hunchback often receives credit for fueling the movement to preserve the Gothic architecture of France, leading to the establishment of the Monuments historiques, the French governmental authority for historic preservation.

It is considered one of the finest examples of the French High Gothic style.

The Cathedral of Chartres was therefore neither destroyed nor looted during the French Revolution and the numerous restorations have not diminished its reputation as a triumph of Gothic art.

Once in royal hands, the château became a favourite of French kings, from Louis XI to Francis I. Charles VIII decided to rebuild it extensively, beginning in 1492 at first in the French late Gothic Flamboyant style and then after 1495 employing two Italian mason-builders, Domenico da Cortona and Fra Giocondo, who provided at Amboise some of the first Renaissance decorative motifs seen in French architecture.

* Victorian Britain, 1837 – 1901, covering the later phases of the Gothic Revival, French influences, Classical and Renaissance revivals, Aestheticism, Japanese style, the continuing influence of China, India, and the Islamic world, the Arts and Crafts movement and the Scottish School.