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Page "War of the Polish Succession" ¶ 22
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French and Savoyard
Against Eugene's advice Amadeus insisted on engaging the French at Staffarda and suffered a serious defeat – only Eugene's handling of the Savoyard cavalry in retreat saved his cousin from disaster.
Hegel, French materialist and utilitarian philosophe Claude Adrien Helvétius, Swiss collectivist philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon, and Savoyard conservative Joseph de Maistre as thinkers who constituted the ideological basis for modern authoritarianism, in his book Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty.
In the spring of 1734 French maneuvers successfully flanked this line, and Prince Eugene of Savoy ( who, despite being a Savoyard, fought on the Austrian side ) was forced to withdraw these forces to the imperial encampment at Heilbronn.
This prevented the substitution of Savoyard for French influence in that region, but left Thomas with little more than the empty title of " prince de Carignan ".
This prevented the substitution of Savoyard for French influence in that region, but left Thomas with little more than the empty title of " prince de Carignano ".
Starting in 1384 the Morge stream ( a little below Sion ) was recognized as the boundary between Savoyard, French speaking Lower Valais and German speaking episcopal Upper Valais.
French demands on Victor Amadeus, and their determination to prevent the Duke from achieving his dynastic aims, were nothing less than an attack on Savoyard independence, convincing the Duke that he had to stand up to French aggression.
A ferment of religious animosities and Savoyard hatred of the French produced a theatre characterised by massacres and atrocities: constant guerrilla attacks by the armed populace were met by draconian reprisals.
By now Victor Amadeus had come to fear the growth of Imperial military power and political influence in the region ( now more than he feared the French ) and the threat it posed to Savoyard independence.
Geneva finally joined the Swiss Confederation in 1815 as the 22nd canton, having been enlarged by French and Savoyard territories at the Vienna Congress ( see Restoration and Regeneration ).
Being a Savoyard on his father's side, he naturally felt the French influence, which was then strong in Germany, with peculiar force.
The main problem for Spain in Italy was French and Savoyard ambitions on the Duchy of Milan, a key territory from the strategic point of view to maintain military communications between Spain and the Low Countries and other Habsburg territories in Europe.
Jean Chamoux ( 1925 – 2007 ) was a French photographer who started his career during World War II in the Savoyard bush.
Pietro Micca ( March 6, 1677 – August 30, 1706 ) was a Savoyard soldier who became a national hero for his sacrifice in the defence of Turin ( 1706 ) against the French troops.
The French grenadiers attacked a small number of Savoyard soldiers at the base of the trench, who were guarding an entrance to the Savoyard mines.

French and troops
When the negotiations began, his quarrel with the king of France was temporarily in abeyance, and he had no intention of reviving it so long as there was hope that French money would come to pay the troops who, under Charles of Valois, the papal vicar of Tuscany, were so valuable in the crusade against the Colonna cardinals and their Sicilian allies.
It was not a part of any one of the three ( later four ) zones for occupation by Soviet, American, British, and French troops respectively.
* 1798 – French troops land in Kilcummin harbour, County Mayo, Ireland to aid Wolfe Tone's United Irishmen's Irish Rebellion.
* 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Blenheim – English and Imperial forces are victorious over French and Bavarian troops.
* 1897 – Franco-Hova Wars: The town of Anosimena is captured by French troops from Menabe defenders in Madagascar.
* 1328 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
Elsewhere, Spanish troops repel a French attack in the Battle of San Marcial.
* 1812 – Peninsular War: French troops engage British-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Majadahonda.
* 1677 – The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.
By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops.
Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual Bastille Day Military Parade.
* 1500 – Ludovico Sforza is captured by the Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.
Their ultimate solution was to sell Corsica to France and French troops of the ancien régime replaced Genoese ones in the citadels, including Ajaccio's.
* 1915 – World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli begins — The invasion of the Turkish Gallipoli Peninsula by Australian, British, French and New Zealand troops begins with landings at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles.
That he sustained defeat in 1809 was due in part to the great numerical superiority of the French and their allies, and in part to the condition of his newly reorganized troops.
In 1794, the town was seized by French troops, becoming a part of the First French Empire.
During Operation Dynamo — the evacuation of 330, 000 BEF and French troops to Britain — Montgomery assumed command of the II Corps.
Smaller military parades are held in French garrison towns, including Toulon and Belfort, with local troops.
* 2007: To commemorate the centenary of the Treaty of Rome, the military parade was led by troops from the 26 other EU member states, all marching at the French time.
In any case, Marlborough had promised to return to the Netherlands if a French attack developed there, transferring his troops down the Rhine on barges at a rate of a day.
A French reconnaissance under the Marquis de Silly went forward to probe the enemy, but were driven off by Allied troops who had deployed to cover the pioneers of the advancing army, labouring to bridge the numerous streams in the area and improve the passage leading westwards to Höchstädt.
" Signal guns were fired to bring in the foraging parties and picquets as the French and Bavarian troops tried to draw into battle-order to face the unexpected threat.
Count Horn directed the Prince of Holstein-Beck to take the village, but his two Dutch brigades were cut down by the French and Irish troops, capturing and badly wounding the Prince during the action.
By 16: 00, with the enemy troops besieged in Blenheim and Oberglau, the Allied centre of 81 squadrons ( nine squadrons had been transferred from Cutts ' column ), supported by 18 battalions was firmly planted amidst the French line of 64 squadrons and nine battalions of raw recruits.

French and numbering
The French fleet, reportedly numbering some 1, 700 ships proceeded first to Gravelines and then to the port of Dam.
The tarot (; first known as trionfi and later as tarocchi, tarock, and others ) is a pack of playing cards ( most commonly numbering 78 ), used from the mid-15th century in various parts of Europe to play a group of card games such as Italian tarocchini and French tarot.
The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal François-Achille Bazaine, numbering about 183 infantry battalions, 104 cavalry squadrons, backed by 520 heavy cannon, totaling 112, 800 officers and men, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St. Privat.
In Spain, another 150, 000 to 200, 000 French troops steadily retreated before Anglo – Portuguese forces numbering around 100, 000.
*** France: French telephone numbering plan
From its origins in 1954 as ragtag maquisards numbering in the hundreds and armed with a motley assortment of hunting rifles and discarded French, German, and American light weapons, the FLN had evolved by 1957 into a disciplined fighting force of 40, 000.
The Allied forces, numbering about 89, 000, seemed to be far superior and would be tempted to attack an outnumbered French Army.
Both sides had forces in the area numbering in the vicinity of 80, 000 men, but the French were able to more effectively concentrate their troops in order to achieve victory against the First Coalition.
The Dutch, numbering 12, 000, were in a strong position around Langedijk, somewhat in advance of the French, who, by drawing in all detachments, had raised their field strength to 10, 000 men, who were positioned in Alkmaar, Bergen, Schoorl, and Egmond aan Zee.
Numerous French Canadians played key roles in the operations both in the building, management, and shareholding of the various trading posts scattered throughout the country, as well numbering among the voyageurs involved in the actual trading with natives.
Historian and Ford biographer Stephen B. Oates, however, concludes that Union deaths were much higher, numbering approximately 30, many of whom drowned in the Rio Grande or were attacked and killed by French border guards on the Mexican side.
On 18 October 1996 ( new French numbering system adapted ), the access to the Phonedirectory changed to " 3611 ".
In Spain an additional 150 – 200, 000 French troops were being steadily beaten back by Spanish and British forces numbering around 150, 000.
Commonwealth forces numbering about 6, 500 – 6, 800 men ( of which about 5, 500, or about 80 percent were the famous " winged " hussars ) under Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski faced a numerically superior force of about 30, 000 Russians under Princes Dmitry Shuisky, Andrey Galitzine and Danilo Mezetsky, as well as about 5, 000 mercenary units temporarily allied to Russia, under the command of Jacob De la Gardie, composed of Flemish, French, German, Spanish, English and Scottish soldiers.
Mostly because of this, many of the children of Bill 101, already adults as of 2001, numbering between 93, 800 and 100, 600 individuals, have adopted French as their primary language of communication, and in a much greater proportion than the previous generations of immigrants, who had adopted English.
The battalion also took part in the Battle of Alexandria on 21 March, with the British force numbering about 14, 000 and the French around 20, 000.
It is considered a mixture of both literary excess and refinement, and, numbering at 350, 000 copies, was the best selling work by any living French author in his day.
The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal Bazaine, numbering about 183 infantry battalions and 104 cavalry squadrons, backed by 520 heavy cannons, totaling 112, 800 officers and men, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St. Privat.
The French telephone numbering plan is not only used for metropolitan France but also for the French overseas departments and some overseas collectivities.
Until 17 December 1994, Andorra formed part of the French numbering plan, with numbers beginning with 628, after which the principality adopted the country code 376.
The French overseas departments ( départements d ' outre mer or DOMs ), Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana and Réunion have separate country codes from metropolitan France, although they are treated as part of the French numbering plan, with direct dialing for calls between the DOMs ( including collectivités territoriales ) and metropolitan France.

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