:" I have impressed this aggressive view upon Sir B. Frere, both officially and privately, to the best of my power.

Three incidents occurred in late July, August and September which Frere seized upon as his causus belli and were the basis for the ultimatum to which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply, giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom.

After the disastrous retreat to A Coruña, the public accused Frere of having endangered the British army, and though no direct censure was passed upon his conduct by the government, he was recalled, and the Marquess Wellesley was appointed in his place.

The class clashes during the decade were reflected in the character of Ken Masters, a nouveau riche chancer always involved in shady schemes to establish himself as a credible figure in the business world, but generally looked down upon by those with " old money " ( for example Charles Frere and merchant banker Sir John Stevens ( Willoughby Gray )) and often used as an unwitting pawn in their wider power games.

Following the English example set by Rowland Hill, Frere improved upon the postal system of Sindh by introducing a cheap and uniform rate for postage, independent of distance travelled.

Many beautiful examples of British Colonial architecture can be found here ; like the main building of Karachi Grammar School, Frere Hall and the Sindh Club.

Hindu Gymkhana, KMC Head Office, Ghulam Husain Khalikdina Hall, Frere Hall, Empress Market, Jehangir Kothari Parade, St Patrick's Church, Mohatta Palace and Karachi Cantonment Railway Station buildings.

There is one major street in Mount Frere and it is the Main street on the N2 road, this street has many restaurants, shops and many other public services including the Police Station, Post Office, Municipal offices and the newly built Madzikane Ka Zulu Memorial Hospital.

John Crook, John Clapper, Henry Coons, John Warner, Major Thomas Frothingham, who was an officer in the Continental army during the War of the Revolution ; N. Smith, Reuben Underwood, David Arnold, and families bearing the names of Fethers, Ford, Davis, Cook, Emmons, Culver, Farrell, Pratt, Lewis, Wells, Huntley, Wickham, Fuller, Strope, Hegeman, Sheppard, Higgenbottom, De Freest, Rykert, Woodworth, Hayes, Townsend, Richmond, Cornwell, Carmichael, Stone, Russell, Frear ( probably Frere ), Guyot, Kelly, Kerner, Jacobs, Simmons, Comb, Calkins, Kilmer and others.

Sheppard Frere wonders how Carausius was able to win support from the army when his command had been sea-based, and speculates that he had perhaps been involved in an unrecorded victory in Britain, connected with Diocletian's assumption of the title Britannicus Maximus in 285, and signs of destruction in Romano-British towns at this time.

In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident.

In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident.

This high number of awards for bravery has been interpreted as a reaction to the earlier defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana-the extolling of the victory at Rorke's Drift drawing the public's attention away from the great defeat at Isandlwana and the fact that Lord Chelmsford and Bartle Frere had instigated the war without the approval of Her Majesty's Government.

Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply.

" However Sir Bartle Frere had already been in to the Cape Colony as governor and high commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced.

In addition, Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise ultimatum he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford, which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal, to instead invade Zululand.

Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir Michael Hicks Beach, who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies:

With the annexation of the Transvaal, Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king, his surrender was included in the ultimatum.

In 1838 Wordsworth married Susanna Hartley Frere ( d. 1884 ) and had seven children.

Cetshwayo was unable to comply with Frere's ultimatum-even if he had wanted to ; Frere ordered Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand, and so the Anglo-Zulu War began.

On his return to Cape Town, Frere found that his achievement had been eclipsed — first by 1 June 1879 death of Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial in Zululand, and then by the news that the government of the Transvaal and Natal, together with the high commissionership in the eastern part of South Africa, had been transferred from him to Sir Garnet Wolseley.

Sir Bartle Frere had been recalled in 1880 to face charges of misconduct, by the 1st Earl of Kimberley ( secretary of state for the colonies ).

" The friendly hand was that of Judith Frere, whom he had known since 1796, and who continued to be his faithful companion until her death, three months before his own.

" Sir Bartle Frere however had been sent to the Cape Colony as governor and high commissioner in 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states.

When the government of India had the book translated and presented before the Council, Lord Canning, the governor-general, and Sir Barthold Frere accepted it as a sincere and friendly report.

Sir Bartle Frere, High Commissioner of southern Africa for the British Empire, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply.

His father, John Frere, the member of a Suffolk family, had been educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and would have been senior wrangler in 1763 but for the competition of William Paley ; his mother, Jane, daughter of John Hookham, a rich London merchant, was cultured and wrote verse in private.

In 1789 Fenn published two other volumes of letters, and when he died in 1794 he had prepared for the press a fifth volume, which was published in 1823 by his nephew, William Frere.

Shepstone remained in Pretoria as administrator of the Transvaal until January 1879 ; his rule was marked, according to Sir Bartle Frere, who described him as " a singular type of an Africander Talleyrand ," by an " apparent absence of all effort to devise or substitute a better system " than that which had characterized the previous regime.

The Frere family had been active abolitionists in the British colonial empire during the nineteenth century and established several communities for freed slaves.

Frere wrote a letter to the Society of Antiquaries about flint tools and large bones of extinct animals that he had found at a depth of approximately twelve feet ( four meters ) in a hole dug by local bricklayers.

However, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon's federation plan, characterized the award as " one-sided and unfair to the Boers ," stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu, the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained.

Nowhere in Frere ’ s letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act, nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be.

Canning disliked being out of office, and wrote on to John Hookham Frere in summer 1801: " But the thought will obtrude itself now and then that I am not where I should be – non hoc pollicitus.

Fourteen days later the disaster of Isandlwana was reported, and the House of Commons demanded that Frere be recalled.

All the thinking and intelligent people know this, and will be thankful to be delivered from the thraldom of petty factions by which they are perpetually kept in a state of excitement and unrest because the government and everything connected with it is a thorough sham " ( Martineau's Life of Sir Bartle Frere, ch.

* Frere, Sir Bartle On the Impending Bengal Famine: How it will be met and how to prevent future famines in India, London, John Murray, 1874

Sheppard Frere, an eminent Romano-British authority, has concluded that " further evidence is needed before more can be said ".

In 1874, Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring the plans into being.

In 1877, Sir Bartle Frere was made High Commissioner for Southern Africa by Lord Carnarvon.

Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring it about.

The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a ' demand '.

After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer, it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king.

Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to act.

A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist.

Frere was appointed on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon's confederation plan and, in return, he could then become the first British governor of a united southern African confederation.

Frere ’ s dissolving of the newly-elected Cape Parliament removed any constitutional obstructions to the colonial office's confederation plan, but was overshadowed by the increasingly support of discontented South Africans for the Zulu leader Cetshwayo.

The first English poet to write mock-heroic ottava rima was John Hookham Frere, whose 1817-8 poem Prospectus and Specimen of an Intended National Work used the form to considerable effect.

Anthony " Tony " Anholt ( 19 January 1941 – 26 July 2002 ) was a British actor best known for his role as Charles Frere in the successful BBC drama series Howards ' Way ( 1985 – 1990 ).

On 24 February 1879, Robinson was transferred to New Zealand, and on 21 August 1880, in the wake of the Anglo-Zulu War, he succeeded Sir Henry Bartle Frere as High Commissioner for Southern Africa ( George Cumine Strahan was also appointed as interim administrator to act until Robinson could arrive from New Zealand ).