Philosophically, dialectical materialism — that Man originates History through active consciousness — was originated by Moses Hess, and developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

As a philosopher, Dietzgen had constructed the theory of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Lenin was developing the work of Friedrich Engels, who said that " with each epoch-making discovery, even in the sphere of natural science, materialism has to change its form.

* Friedrich Engels

* Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, Friedrich Engels

* Anti-Dühring, Friedrich Engels

* Dialectics of Nature, Friedrich Engels

* 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.

It was not unusual for men and women in Victorian society to have affairs ; Charles Bray, John Chapman, Friedrich Engels, and Wilkie Collins all had affairs, though more discreetly than Lewes and Evans.

However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism.

Friedrich Engels wrote: " I use ' historical materialism ' to designate the view of the course of history, which seeks the ultimate causes and the great moving power of all important historic events in the economic development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and exchange, with the consequent division of society into distinct classes and the struggles of these classes.

The first explicit and systematic summary of the materialist interpretation of history published, Anti-Dühring, was written by Friedrich Engels.

In 1880, about three years before Marx died, Friedrich Engels indicated that he accepted the usage of the term " historical materialism ".

In the early years of the 20th century, historical materialism was often treated by socialist writers as interchangeable with dialectical materialism, a formulation never used by Friedrich Engels however.

Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of " an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society ".

A description of housing of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels, a co-founder of Marxism.

A vivid description of living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels.

Portrait by Friedrich Engels. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856 ), better known as Max Stirner ( the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, in German ' Stirn '), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism.

Caricature of Max Stirner taken from a sketch by Friedrich Engels.

He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ) and Capital ( 1867 – 1894 ); some of his works were co-written with his friend and fellow German revolutionary socialist, Friedrich Engels.

It was in Paris that, on 28 August 1844, Marx met German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence after becoming interested in the ideas that the latter had expressed in articles written for the Rheinische Zeitung and the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, Marx remained one of its primary writers, accompanied by other fellow members of the Communist League who wrote for the paper, although despite their input it remained, according to Friedrich Engels, " a simple dictatorship by Marx ", who dominated the choice of content.

Several of his closest friends spoke at his funeral, including Wilhelm Liebknecht and Friedrich Engels.

Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the Cologne communist trial of 1852 ; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as " an old member of the Communist League "; and Carl Schorlemmer, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the Royal Society, and a communist activist involved in the 1848 Baden revolution.

Later, Friedrich Engels wrote the Dialectics of Nature ( 1883 ), in opposition to German Naturphilosophie.

Several post-Heideggerian authors contributing to the Continental philosophy of science in the second half of the 20th century include Jürgen Habermas ( e. g., " Truth and Justification ", 1998 ), Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (" The Unity of Nature ", 1980 ), and Wolfgang Stegmüller (" Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschafttheorie und Analytischen Philosophie ", 1973 – 1986 ).

* Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling: On the Relation of the Plastic Arts to Nature

Friedrich Engels proposed that Nature is dialectical, thus, in Anti-Dühring he said that the negation of negation is:

He then took up the study of German, worked at Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, and sought to master the Philosophy of Nature of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, which at first greatly attracted him.

The marginal use of a good or service is the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase, or the specific use of the good or service that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease .< ref name =" wieser_ein "> von Wieser, Friedrich ; Über den Ursprung und die Hauptgesetze des wirtschaftlichen Wertes < nowiki > Nature and Essence of Theoretical Economics < nowiki ></ nowiki > ( 1884 ), p. 128 .</ ref >

Physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's theory of ur-alternatives ( archetypal objects ), first publicized in his book The Unity of Nature ( 1980 ), further developed through the 1990s, is a kind of digital physics as it axiomatically constructs quantum physics from the distinction between empirically observable, binary alternatives.

The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences ( in German: Enzyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse ) ( 1817 ) is a systematic work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in which an abbreviated version of his earlier Science of Logic was followed by the articulation of the Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Spirit ( also translated as Philosophy of Mind ).

A change that would be affected as or by a specific loosening or tightening of those constraints is a marginal change, as large as the smallest relevant division of that good or service .< ref name =" wieser_ein "> von Wieser, Friedrich ; Über den Ursprung und die Hauptgesetze des wirtschaftlichen Wertes < nowiki > Nature and Essence of Theoretical Economics < nowiki ></ nowiki > ( 1884 ), p. 128 .</ ref > For reasons of tractability, it is often assumed in neoclassical analysis that goods and services are continuously divisible.

The internationally known sportsman and traveler Friedrich Gerstacker was typical of its detractors in the mid-thirties.

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach | Blumenbach's five Race ( classification of human beings ) | races.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that a fusion of the two was most desirable.

Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it " emanium " in 1904.

* 1777 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician ( d. 1855 )

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

* 1815 – Adolf Friedrich von Schack, German writer ( d. 1894 )

His cataloguing of 3222 stars was refined in 1807 by Friedrich Bessel, the father of modern astrometry.

Turner, Caspar David Friedrich, John Constable, and William Blake.

Benzene, C < sub > 6 </ sub > H < sub > 6 </ sub >, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz in the 19th century.

However, in that decade, progressive reformers such as Alcott, influenced by Pestalozzi as well as Friedrich Fröbel and Johann Friedrich Herbart, began to advocate writing about subjects from students ' personal experiences.

* 1777 – American Revolutionary War: The Americans led by General John Stark rout British and Brunswick troops under Friedrich Baum at the Battle of Bennington in Walloomsac, New York.

* 1741 – Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, German theologian ( d. 1792 )

* Friedrich Schiller, Das Siegerfest.

** Friedrich Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, part 2 ( 1892 ) online, pp. 345 – 363

He had become passionate about the study of chemistry, matriculating at the University of Göttingen in the spring of 1838 in order to study with the famous chemist Friedrich Wöhler.

As late as the 1840s, and despite Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea in 1828, some chemists still believed in the doctrine of vitalism, according to which a special life-force was necessary to create organic compounds.

* 1794 – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist ( d. 1868 )

* 1916 – World War I: Battle of Romani – Allied forces, under the command of Archibald Murray, defeat an attacking Ottoman army under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, securing the Suez Canal and beginning the Ottoman retreat from the Sinai Peninsula.

For Friedrich Schiller aesthetic appreciation of beauty is the most perfect reconciliation of the sensual and rational parts of human nature.

For Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, the philosophy of art is the " organon " of philosophy concerning the relation between man and nature.

Friedrich von Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel have also given lectures on aesthetics as philosophy of art after 1800.