The leading firm was " Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp ," run by the Krupp family.

The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century.

Friedrich Krupp ( 1787 – 1826 ) launched the family's metal-based activities, building a pioneering steel foundry in Essen in 1810.

By the mid-18th-century, Friedrich Jodocus Krupp, Arndt's great-great-grandson, headed the Krupp family.

Gravestones of Friedrich Krupp and wife Therese Wilhelmi at Essen's Friedhof Bredeney

In 1807 the progenitor of the modern Krupp firm, Friedrich Krupp, began his commercial career at age 19 when the Widow Krupp appointed him manager of the forge.

In 1810, the widow died, and in what would prove a disastrous move, left virtually all the Krupp fortune and property to Friedrich.

Thus, in 1811 Friedrich founded the Krupp Gusstahlfabrik ( Cast Steel Works ).

Friedrich spent a significant amount of time and money in the small, waterwheel-powered facility, neglecting other Krupp business, but in 1816 he was able to produce smelted steel.

Alfred Krupp ( born Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp ), son of Friedrich Carl, was born in Essen in 1812.

Friedrich Alfred Krupp, 1900. Workers in 1905.

During the war, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft produced 84 U-boats for the German navy, as well as the Deutschland submarine freighter, intended to ship raw material to Germany despite the blockade.

Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built the 366-ton sailing yacht Germania featuring a chrome-nickel steel hull in Germany in 1908.

* February 17 – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist ( d. 1902 )

Norman Douglas, Friedrich Alfred Krupp, Jacques d ' Adelswärd-Fersen, Christian Wilhelm Allers, Emil von Behring, Curzio Malaparte, Axel Munthe, and Maxim Gorky are all reported to have owned a villa there, or to have stayed there for more than three months.

22. 07 % was owned by the German State of Hamburg, 17. 05 % by the state of Bavaria, 7. 16 % by Thyssen AG, 7. 16 % by Siemens AG, 7. 13 % by Allianz Versicherungs-AG, 7. 13 % by Robert Bosch GmbH and 6. 15 % by Friedrich Krupp GmbH.

Gustav Georg Friedrich Maria Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, " Taffi ", ( 7 August 1870-16 January 1950 ) ran the German Friedrich Krupp AG heavy industry conglomerate from 1909 until 1941.

The Keynesian consensus was challenged successfully with attacks launched by Friedrich Hayek's Austrian School and Milton Friedmans Chicago School as early as the 1950s, which by the 1970s had succeeded in displacing Keynes as the dominant influence.

Friedrich Schmiedl launched the first rocket mail ( V-7, Experimental Rocket 7 ) with 102 pieces of mail between Schöckl and St. Radegund, Austria.

The success of Operation Uranus, launched on 19 November 1942, had trapped 250, 000-300, 000 troops of General Friedrich Paulus's German 6th Army and 4th Panzer Army in Stalingrad.

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

* 1777 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician ( d. 1855 )

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

* 1815 – Adolf Friedrich von Schack, German writer ( d. 1894 )

* 1741 – Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, German theologian ( d. 1792 )

* 1794 – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist ( d. 1868 )

Armida was translated into German and widely performed, especially in the northern German states, where it helped to establish Salieri's reputation as an important and innovative modern composer It would also be the first opera to receive a serious preparation in a piano and vocal reduction by Carl Friedrich Cramer in 1783.

His last opera was a German language singspiel Die Neger, ( The Negroes ), a melodrama set in colonial Virginia with a text by Georg Friedrich Treitschke ( the author of the libretto for Beethoven's Fidelio ) performed in 1804 and was a complete failure.

While Italian by birth, Salieri had lived in imperial Vienna for almost 60 years and was regarded by such people as the music critic Friedrich Rochlitz as a German composer.

Friedrich Sertürner, the German chemist who first isolated morphine from opium.

In 1804, the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner isolated from opium a " soporific principle " (), which he called " morphium " in honor of Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams ; in German and some other Central-European languages, this is still the name of the drug.

* 1825 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( b. 1765 )

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;, ) ( 30 April 177723 February 1855 ) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.

Lobegott Friedrich Constantin ( von ) Tischendorf ( January 18, 1815 – December 7, 1874 ) was a noted German Biblical scholar.

Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof ( July 23, 1857 – February 11, 1944 ) was a German linguist and one of the first linguists to study African languages.

Though Adolf Hitler succeeded in garnering the support of many German industrialists, prominent traditionalists openly and secretly opposed his policies of euthanasia, genocide, and attacks on organized religion, including Claus von Stauffenberg, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Henning von Tresckow, Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen, and the monarchist Carl Friedrich Goerdeler.

The CGS system goes back to a proposal in 1832 by the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.

* 1823 – Friedrich Max Müller, German orientalist ( d. 1900 )

* 1774 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer and organist ( b. 1720 )

* 1723 – Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm, German writer ( d. 1807 )

* 1758 – Carl Friedrich Zelter, German composer, conductor and teacher of music ( d. 1832 )

The noted German historian Friedrich Meinecke attempted to trace the roots of the expression in a June 11, 1922 article in the Viennese newspaper Neue Freie Presse.