From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac ( later, Pope Sylvester II ) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe.

From that point onward, Alexandria would have two patriarchs: the non-Chalcedonian native Egyptian one, now known as the Coptic Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic See of St. Mark and the " Melkite " or Imperial Patriarch, now known as the Greek Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa.

From then on, until 1959, the Pope of Alexandria, as Patriarch of All Africa, always named an Egyptian ( a Copt ) to be the Archbishop of the Ethiopian Church.

From that time, Galenism took on a new, unquestioned authority, Galen even being referred to as the " Medical Pope of the Middle Ages ".

From 1212 onwards, John had a constant policy of maintaining close relations with the Pope, which partially explains how he persuaded the Pope to reject the legitimacy of the Magna Carta.

From the 6th century the title began to be used particularly of the Bishop of Rome, and in the late 11th century Pope Gregory VII issued a declaration that has been widely interpreted as stating this by then established Western convention.

From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome.

From the RERUM NOVARUM, Pope Leo XIII wrote " It is surely undeniable that, when a man engages in remunerative labor, the impelling reason and motive of his work is to obtain property, and thereafter to hold it as his very own.

From the eleventh century they rested at the church of Saint Adalbert, now Saint Bartholomew, on the island in the Tiber in Rome ; in 1908 Pope Pius X permitted them to be translated to the new Cathedral at Nola, where they were reinterred on May 15, 1909.

Philip IV was the force behind this ruthless move, but it has also tarnished the historical reputation of Clement V. From the very day of Clement V's coronation, the king falsely charged the Templars with heresy, immorality and abuses, and the scruples of the Pope were compromised by a growing sense that the burgeoning French State might not wait for the Church, but would proceed independently.

From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome.

From 1251 – 53 the Pope stayed at Perugia until it was safe for him to bring the papal court back to Rome.

From his captivity, Moro sent letters to his family, to his political friends, to the Pope, pleading for a negotiated outcome.

From the 11th century onwards indulgences were granted: In 1064 Pope Alexander II allegedly promised the participants of an expedition against Barbastro ( Tagr al-Andalus, Aragon ) a collective indulgence 30 years before Pope Urban II called the First Crusade.

Philip IV was the force behind this ruthless move, but it has also tarnished the historical reputation of Clement V. From the very day of Clement V's coronation, the king falsely charged the Templars with heresy, immorality and abuses, and the scruples of the Pope were compromised by a growing sense that the burgeoning French State might not wait for the Church, but would proceed independently.

Byrd himself may have held Protestant beliefs in his youth, for a recently discovered fragment of a setting of an English translation of Luther's hymn Erhalt uns, Herr, bei Deinem Wort, which bears an attribution to ' Birde ' includes the line ' From Turk and Pope defend us Lord '.

From these numbers, it has been estimated that that there were at least 50, 000 Christians in Rome during the papacy of Pope Cornelius.

From 1814 until the death of Pope Gregory XVI in 1846, the Popes followed a reactionary policy in the Papal States.

From June 1053 to March 1054 the Pope was nevertheless held hostage at Benevento, in honourable captivity, until he acknowledged the Normans conquests in Calabria and Apulia.

On 12 January 1533 he writes from Bologna, in attendance upon Pope Clement VII From the autumn of 1533 he made Naples his permanent residence, his name being Italianized as Valdésso and Val d ' Esso.

From 1271, the papacy carried out a long inquest on the subject of Louis IX, which ended with his canonization, announced in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII.

From May 1521 until March 1522, Martin Luther stayed at the castle, after he had been taken there for his safety at the request of Frederick the Wise following his excommunication by Pope Leo X and his refusal to recant at the Diet of Worms.

In 1754 to 1762 Hume published the History of England, a 6-volume work of immense sweep, which extends, says its subtitle, " From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688 ".

From the beginning, Julius II set himself with a courage and determination rarely equaled, to rid himself of the various powers under which his temporal authority was almost overwhelmed.

Barbara Tuchman, in her book The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam, offers a vivid narrative of Julius II's career.

From his first appearance in the Senate, Brutus aligned with the Optimates ( the conservative faction ) against the First Triumvirate of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar.

From that time his success was assured, and he was largely employed by the popes Julius III and Paul IV, by the della Rovere duke of Urbino, and by other rich patrons.

From the beginning of his public career, Sallust operated as a decided partisan of Julius Caesar, to whom he owed such political advancement as he attained.

From 1958 to 1960, Syd Hoff wrote and illustrated four " I Can Read " books: Danny and the Dinosaur, Sammy The Seal, Julius, and Oliver.

From 1917 to 1932 the Julius Rosenwald Foundation set up 5, 357 public schools for blacks.

Many of the jokes and comic exchanges from Take It From Here were recycled in the series of Carry On films when scriptwriter Talbot Rothwell ran out of time, and Muir and Norden gave him some old TIFH scripts — for instance the line spoken by Julius Caesar on facing some would-be assassins: " Infamy!

From left to right are the three Christians, Charlemagne bearing an eagle upon his shield, King Arthur displaying three crowns and Godfrey of Bouillon with a dog lying before him, then the three pagans, Julius Caesar, Hector and Alexander the Great bearing a griffon upon the his shield, and lastly the three Jews, David holding a sceptre, Joshua and Judas Maccabeus.

* Raper, Julius R. From the Sunken Garden: The Fiction of Ellen Glasgow, 1916-1945.

( 3 ) From Julius Caesar onwards, Shakespeare justifies tyrannicide, but in order to do so moves away from English history to the camouflage of Roman, Danish, Scottish or Ancient British history.

* The History of England From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688 ( 1778 ) Volume VI

From its inception, Rome was a republican city-state, but four famous civil conflicts destroyed the republic: Lucius Cornelius Sulla against Gaius Marius and his son ( 88 – 82 BC ), Julius Caesar against Pompey ( 49 – 45 BC ), Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus against Mark Antony and Octavian ( 43 BC ), and Mark Antony against Octavian.

From 1592 / 3 he served at the court in Wolfenbüttel, under the employ of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

From this charge, however, he successfully cleared himself, the entire theological faculty, including Julius Müller and August Tholuck, bearing testimony to his sufficient orthodoxy.

From 1471 to 1503, in which year he was elected Pope Julius II, Cardinal Della Rovere, the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, effected notable rebuilding.

From 1870, the central government of Sir Julius Vogel proposed infrastructure including railway development, to be funded by overseas loans of £ 10 million.

From 1512 on, the confederates fought on the side of Pope Julius II and his Holy League against the French in territories south of the Alps.

From 1927 an international syndicate called " Sindicat du Chemin du Fer en Perse " consisting of the American Ulen and Company and a German " Konsortium für Bauausführungen in Persien " ( formed by 3 German companies Philipp Holzmann, Julius Berger and Siemens Bauunion ) undertook the construction of the initial test lines.

From left to right: Julius Hay, Bertolt Brecht, Ernst Legal, Alexander Abusch in 1948

From 1897 to 1906, he was assistant physician at the eye clinic of Julius Hirschberg ( 1843 – 1925 ) in Berlin.

From 1889 to 1895 he studied at an art academy in Prague, under the guidance of Julius Mařák, and became member of the artistic group Mánes.

From the late 1890s into the first decade of the 20th century, Thames suffered a decline but recovered as the decade wore on, notably through the efforts of Julius Beresford and Karl Vernon.

From this period date the ceiling paintings by Julius Schmid, and a new high altar, built from sketches by Heinrich von Ferstel, with a mosaic by Michael Rieser.