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Platonism and is
Accordingly we may speak of the Platonism peculiar to Shelley's poems or the type of Stoicism present in Henley's `` Invictus '', and we may find that describing such Platonism or such Stoicism and contrasting each with other expressions of the same attitude or mode of thought is a difficult and challenging enterprise.
After all, Shelley is no `` orthodox '' or Hellenic Platonist, and even his `` romantic '' Platonism can be distinguished from that of his contemporaries.
Although I absolutely reject the Platonism of it, I have literally squealed with delight at the imperturbable perfection with which the position is laid down on page after page ''.
It is in the system of Valentinus that the name Dēmiourgos is used, which occurs nowhere in Irenaeus except in connection with the Valentinian system ; we may reasonably conclude that it was Valentinus who adopted from Platonism the use of this word.
It is noted that in a sense Cocchiarella has adopted Platonism for anti-Platonic reasons.
Some contemporary linguistic philosophers construe " Platonism " to mean the proposition that universals exist independently of particulars ( a universal is anything that can be predicated of a particular ).
Platonism is an ancient school of philosophy, founded by Plato ; at the beginning, this school had a physical existence at a site just outside the walls of Athens called the Academy, as well as the intellectual unity of a shared approach to philosophizing.
Platonism is usually divided into three periods:
Platonism is considered to be, in mathematics departments the world over, the predominant philosophy of mathematics, especially regarding the foundations of mathematics.
Indeed, Platonism gets much of its plausibility because mentioning redness, for example, seems to be referring to something that is apart from space and time, but which has lots of specific instances.
Some contemporary linguistic philosophers construe " Platonism " to mean the proposition that universals exist independently of particulars ( a universal is anything that can be predicated of a particular ).
Similarly, a form of modern Platonism is found in the predominant philosophy of mathematics, especially regarding the foundations of mathematics.
The response reconciles Platonism with empiricism by contending that an abstract ( i. e., not concrete ) object is real and knowable by its instantiation.
It is an answer to Hobbes's famous doctrine that moral distinctions are created by the state, an answer from the standpoint of Platonism.
The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible.
Since classical times a question has remained constant in philosophical debate ( which is sometimes seen as a conflict between movements called Platonism and Aristotelianism ) concerning the role of reason in confirming truth.
Mathematical Platonism is the form of realism that suggests that mathematical entities are abstract, have no spatiotemporal or causal properties, and are eternal and unchanging.
The term Platonism is used because such a view is seen to parallel Plato's Theory of Forms and a " World of Ideas " ( Greek: Eidos ( εἶδος )) described in Plato's Allegory of the cave: the everyday world can only imperfectly approximate an unchanging, ultimate reality.

Platonism and modern
* Brown, Alison M., ' Platonism in fifteenth century Florence and its contribution to early modern political thought ', Journal of Modern History 58 ( 1986 ), 383-413.
:* A modern concept similar to participation in classical Platonism ; see the Theory of Forms
* Egan, Gabriel ( 2005 ), Platonism and bathos in Shakespeare and other early modern drama accessed 13 November 2006.
Because of his early association with the Academy, Diogenes Laërtius placed Bion among the Academics, but there is nothing in his life or thought suggesting an affinity with Platonism and modern scholars regard him as a Cynic, albeit an atypical one with strong Hedonistic or Cyrenaic leanings.
Middle Platonism is the modern name given to a stage in the development of Plato's philosophy, lasting from about 90 BC, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected the scepticism of the New Academy, until the development of Neoplatonism under Plotinus in the 3rd century.
Apart from historical Platonism originating from thinkers such as Plato himself, Numenius, Plotinus, Augustine and Proclus, we may wish to consider the theory of abstract objects in the modern sense.
This modern Platonism ( sometimes rendered " platonism ," with a lower-case p, to distinguish it from the ancient schools ) has been endorsed in one way or another at one time or another by numerous philosophers ( most of whom taking a particular interest in the philosophy and foundations of logic and mathematics ), including Bernard Bolzano, Gottlob Frege, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, W. V.

Platonism and variation
The Ante Rem, or fully realist, variation of structuralism has a similar ontology to Platonism in that structures are held to have a real but abstract and immaterial existence.

Platonism and which
Two of Ammonius's students-Origen the Pagan, and Longinus-seem to have held philosophical positions which were closer to Middle Platonism than Neoplatonism, which perhaps suggests that Ammonius's doctrines were also closer to those of Middle Platonism than the Neoplatonism developed by Plotinus ( see the Enneads ), but Plotinus does not seem to have thought that he was departing in any significant way from that of his master.
The main forms are empiricism, which associates numbers with concrete physical objects ; and Platonism, according to which numbers are abstract, non-physical entities.
Merkelbach suggests that its mysteries were essentially created by a particular person or persons and created in a specific place, the city of Rome, by someone from an eastern province or border state who knew the Iranian myths in detail, which he wove into his new grades of initiation ; but that he must have been Greek and Greek-speaking because he incorporated elements of Greek Platonism into it.
Somewhat earlier, exploration of mathematical practice and quasi-empiricism in mathematics from the 1950s to 1980s had sought alternatives to metamathematics in social behaviours around mathematics itself: for instance, Paul Erdős's simultaneous belief in Platonism and a single " big book " in which all proofs existed, combined with his personal obsessive need or decision to collaborate with the widest possible number of other mathematicians.
Plotinus had an inherent distrust of materiality ( an attitude common to Platonism ), holding to the view that phenomena were a poor image or mimicry ( mimesis ) of something " higher and intelligible " which was the " truer part of genuine Being ".
Plato chose Socrates to be the main interlocutor in his dialogues, which in turn formed the basis of Platonism and Neoplatonism.
( Both Platonism and Christianity began as such portable traditions, which can be practiced outside of the Greek and Jewish roots which originally generated them.
He is primarily known for his writings, which include the Saturnalia, a compendium of ancient Roman religious and antiquarian lore, the Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis (" Commentary on the Dream of Scipio "), which was an important source for Platonism in the Latin West during the Middle Ages, and De differentiis et societatibus graeci latinique verbi (" On the differences and similarities of the Greek and Latin verb ") which is now lost.
Some theorists have argued that if the " consciousness-is-computation " version of computationalism and mathematical realism ( or radical mathematical Platonism ) are true then consciousnesses is computation, which in principle is platform independent, and thus admits of simulation.
Hans Moravec has explored the simulation hypothesis and has argued for a kind of mathematical Platonism according to which every object ( including e. g. a stone ) can be regarded as implementing every possible computation
Among the very diverse movements of Hellenistic philosophy in which theological reflection could be found were Skepticism, Cynicism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Middle Platonism, and Neoplatonism.

Platonism and fact
Dadosky quotes Robert Segal, a professor of religion, who draws a distinction between Platonism and Eliade's " primitive ontology ": for Eliade, the ideal models are patterns that a person or object may or may not imitate ; for Plato, there is a Form for everything, and everything imitates a Form by the very fact that it exists.
In fact a lot of the concepts of Gnosticism itself is based on Platonism and Neo-Platonism ( for Valentinian Gnosticism ).

Platonism and different
In the 13th century medieval Europe the English bishop Robert Grosseteste wrote on a wide range of scientific topics discussing light from four different perspectives: an epistemology of light, a metaphysics or cosmogony of light, an etiology or physics of light, and a theology of light, basing it on the works Aristotle and Platonism.
It was no different for the period considered here: the old was mixed with and changed by the new, but while no claims can be made for a revolutionary new starting point in philosophy, in many ways the synthesis of Christianity, Aristotelianism, and Platonism offered by Thomas Aquinas was torn apart in order to make way for a new one, based on more complete and varied sources, often in the original, and certainly attuned to new social and religious realities and a much broader public.
Plato's influence on Western culture was so profound that several different concepts are linked by being called " platonic " or Platonist, for accepting some assumptions of Platonism, but which do not imply acceptance of that philosophy as a whole.

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