It contains the results of Galileo's early observations of the Moon, the stars, and the moons of Jupiter.

This led to a dispute with Galileo, who showed that Marius provided only one observation as early as Galileo's, and it matched Galileo's diagram for the same date, as published in 1610.

Simplicio, in particular, is no longer the stubborn and rather dense Aristotelian ; to some extent he represents the thinking of Galileo's early years, as Sagredo represents his middle period.

Later research into Galileo's unpublished working papers from as early as 1604 clearly showed the reality of the experiments and even indicated the particular results that led to the time-squared law ( Drake, 1973 ).

Huber's books Liability: The Legal Revolution and its Consequences ( 1988 ) and Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom ( 1991 ) and Olson's book The Litigation Explosion: What Happened When America Unleashed the Lawsuit ( 1991 ) are credited by many with framing the initial political debate over frivolous litigation, and raising the profile of this previously obscure political issue in the early 1990s.

" That the glow originates from innumerable faint stars and other materials which lie within the galactic plane was one of Galileo's early telescopic discoveries.

Tartaglia was the first to apply mathematics to the investigation of the paths of cannonballs ; his work was later validated by Galileo's studies on falling bodies.

Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not explicitly mention Copernican heliocentrism, a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe.

Also, no RTGs had ever been made to swing past the Earth at close range and high speed, as Galileo's Venus-Earth-Earth Gravity Assist trajectory required it to do.

Building upon Galileo's notes, he built the first mercury barometer and wrote a convincing argument that the space at the top was a vacuum.

Amalthea provided the final satellite fly-by for Galileo on November 5, 2002, at a height of approximately, permitting the moon's mass to be accurately determined, while changing Galileo's trajectory so that it would plunge into Jupiter in September 2003, having finished its mission.

Perhaps the key experiment in the history of modern science is Galileo's demonstration that falling objects must fall at the same rate regardless of their masses.

After Galileo's death on 8 January 1642, Grand Duke Ferdinando II de ' Medici asked him to succeed Galileo as the grand-ducal mathematician and professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa.

To prove the point Galileo's fictional advocate Salviati proposed the experiment described below to show the classical principle of relativity according to which there is no internal observation ( i. e. without, as it were, looking out the window ) by which one can distinguish between a system moving uniformly from one at rest.

Late in 1613, Galileo's former student Benedetto Castelli, a Benedictine monk, wrote to Galileo about the events at a recent dinner with the Grand Duke Cosimo II de ' Medici, he then wrote a letter to Justin the German Artist.

Lucas also bequeathed his collection of 4, 000 books ( including Galileo's Dialogo of 1632 ) to the University Library at Cambridge, along with enough land to give an income of £ 100 a year, which was to be used to fund a professorship of " mathematick " ( now the Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics ).

Riccioli noted that while these differences did contradict Galileo's claim that balls of differing weight would fall at the same rate, it was possible Galileo observed the fall of bodies made of the same material but of differing sizes, for in that case the difference in fall time between the two balls is much smaller than if the balls are of same size but differing materials, or of the same weight but differing sizes, etc., and that difference is not apparent unless the balls are released from a very great height.

Riccioli explained that this conjecture could not work: It could not apply to the fall of bodies near the Earth's poles, where there would be little or no circular motion caused by Earth's rotation ; and even at the equator where there would be more motion caused by Earth's rotation, the rate of fall predicted by Galileo's idea was too slow.

Retitled Two Men of Florence ( referring to Galileo and his adversary Pope Urban VIII, who as Cardinal Maffeo Barberini had once been Galileo's mentor ), the play made its American debut at the Huntington Theatre in Boston in March 2009.

* Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment ( rebuttal of Aristotelian Gravity )

The relatively low levels of water were later confirmed by Galileo's atmospheric probe, which explored Jupiter's atmosphere directly.

Galileo's main contributions to the acceptance of the heliocentric system were his mechanics, the observations he made with his telescope, as well as his detailed presentation of the case for the system.

Galileo's writings were on the Catholic Index of prohibited books All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.

The Soviet Venera program included a number of Venus landers, some of which were crushed during descent much as Galileo's Jupiter " lander " and others of which successfully touched down.

The experiments on falling bodies ( actually rolling balls ) were replicated using the methods described by Galileo ( Settle, 1961 ), and the precision of the results was consistent with Galileo's report.

The lawsuits surrounding the reported sudden acceleration episodes were subject of Peter W. Huber's 1993 book, Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science In The Courtroom.

Andrea now believes Galileo's actions were heroic and that he just recanted to fool the ecclesiastical authorities.

At the time, various people had expressed concern with Galileo's ideas about falling bodies, arguing that it would be impossible to discern the small differences in time and distance needed to adequately test Galileo's ideas, or reporting that experiments had not agreed with Galileo's predictions, or complaining that suitably tall buildings with clear paths of fall were not available to thoroughly test Galileo's ideas.

Riccioli's accurate experiments were widely known during the second half of the century and helped forge a consensus on the empirical adequacy of some aspects of Galileo's work, especially the odd-number rule and the notion that heavy bodies fall with similar accelerations and speed is not proportional to weight.

Riccioli argued that the problems with Galileo's conjecture were a mark against the Copernican world system, but modern writers differ in regards to Riccioli's reasoning on this.

It is also supposed that Galileo's initial visits to the Arsenal were as a result of his initiative to further investigate Aristotle's questions concerning shipbuilding and navigation, found in the Mechanical Questions of Aristotle.

Io and Europa were seen for the first time as separate bodies during Galileo's observations of the Jupiter system the following day, January 8, 1610 ( used as the discovery date for Io by the IAU ).

They were separated not only by distance, but by Galileo's often ailing health.

Viviani's own remains were moved to Galileo's new grave as well.

After Galileo's death, 124 letters from Maria Celeste were discovered among his papers.

It is not known what happened to Galileo's responses to Maria Celeste, and it is likely that they were destroyed by church authorities.

In the book Galileo, Courtier, Mario Biagioli argues that many of Galileo's actions, the most famous Italian scientist of the time, were dictated by the patronage system.

As a mathematician, Galileo's role in the university culture of his era was subordinated to the three major topics of study: law, medicine, and theology ( which was closely allied to philosophy ).

A key factor was Galileo's introduction of the telescope to examine the night sky in more detail.

This confirmed the earlier observation by Marin Mersenne that the period of a pendulum does vary with its amplitude, and that Galileo's observation of isochronism was accurate only for small swings .< ref >

Italian physicist Galileo Galilei ( 1564-1642 ), a champion of the Copernican model of the universe and an enormously influential figure in the history of kinematics and classical mechanicsThe foundation of modern dynamics was set out in Galileo's book Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo ( Dialogue on the two main world systems ) where the notion of inertia was implicit and used.

Galileo's microscope was celebrated in the Accademia dei Lincei in 1624 and was the first such device to be given the name " microscope " a year later by fellow Lincean Giovanni Faber.

However, Galileo's intended booster, the cryogenically fueled ( Hydrogen / Oxygen ) Centaur booster rocket was prohibited as a Shuttle " cargo " for safety considerations following the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger.

The Galileo engineering review speculated ( but was never able to prove conclusively ) that this longer flight time coupled with the stronger sunlight near Venus caused lubricant in Galileo's main antenna to fail, forcing the use of a much smaller backup antenna with a consequent lowering of data rate from the spacecraft.

In 1632, shortly after the publication of Galileo's Dialogues of the New Science, Torricelli wrote to Galileo of reading it " with the delight [...] of one who, having already practiced all of geometry most diligently [...] and having studied Ptolemy and seen almost everything of Tycho Brahe, Kepler and Longomontanus, finally, forced by the many congruences, came to adhere to Copernicus, and was a Galileian in profession and sect ".

Galileo's instrument was the first to be given the name " telescope ".

The book, which was dedicated to Galileo's patron, Ferdinando II de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and delivered to him on February 22, 1632, was a bestseller.

Colombe was the leader of a group of Florentine opponents of Galileo's, which some of the latter's friends referred to as " the pigeon league ".

It was Galileo's longing for a mechanical proof of the motion of the earth which misled him into formulating a wrong theory of the tides.

The Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences ( Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze, 1638 ) was Galileo's final book and a sort of scientific testament covering much of his work in physics over the preceding thirty years.

* Galileo's experimental setup to measure the literal flow of time ( see above ), in order to describe the motion of a ball, was palpable enough and persuasive enough to found the sciences of mechanics and kinematics.

The topic was motivated by Galileo's description of the motion of a ball rolling down a ramp, by which he measured the numerical value for the acceleration of gravity near the surface of the Earth.

However it was Galileo's view that was the subject of doubt as it was not reasonable enough to be the Aristotelian view.