As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to Alhazen, René Descartes ( Discourse on the Method ) and Galileo Galilei.

Mainly Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) but also Marin Mersenne ( 1588 – 1648 ), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings ( completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier ).

* 1609 – Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.

Although observations of some aerodynamic effects such as wind resistance ( e. g. drag ) were recorded by Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, very little effort was made to develop a rigorous quantitative theory of air flow prior to the 17th century.

Later he claimed to be the discoverer of the moons, which led to a dispute with the true discoverer, Galileo Galilei.

* 1612 – Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star.

Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei ), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history.

* 1564 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist ( d. 1642 )

* 1633 – Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.

The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei in January 1610.

Galileo Galilei, the discoverer of the four Galilean moons

As a result of improvements Galileo Galilei made to the telescope, with a magnifying capability of 20 ×, he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was ever possible before.

Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars.

The € 20 billion project is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei.

Named after the Renaissance astronomer Galileo Galilei, it was launched on October 18, 1989, by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission.

* 1610: Galileo Galilei discovers the moons of Jupiter.

These works also influenced contemporary Italian scientist Galileo Galilei and provided one of the foundations for Englishman Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

It remained the mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.

Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 )

The Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) was the central figure in the Scientific Revolution and famous for his support for Copernianism, his astronomical discoveries, and his improvement of the telescope.

Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, invented an improved version of the refracting telescope ( the Keplerian Telescope ), and mentioned the telescopic discoveries of his contemporary Galileo Galilei.

* 1633 – The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe.

* 1610 – Galileo Galilei makes his first observation of the four Galilean moons: Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa, although he is not able distinguish the last two until the following day.

In 1612, Galileo Galilei proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of the orbits of the moons of Jupiter one could use their positions as a universal clock and this would make possible the determination of longitude, but the practical problems of the method he devised were severe and it was never used at sea.

Two central figures in the early modern age are Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.

" The Four Books on Measurement " were published at Nuremberg in 1525 and was the first book for adults on mathematics in German, as well as being cited later by Galileo and Kepler.

On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter ’ s moons.

Fernipharus ( after Duke Ferdinand de ' Medici )-by Giovanni Batista Hodierna, a disciple of Galileo and author of the first ephemerides ( Medicaeorum Ephemerides, 1656 );

The first satellites bear the names of eleven-year-old Thijs from Belgium and nine-year-old Natalia from Bulgaria who are the first winners of the European Commission's Galileo children's drawing competition.

The first stage of the Galileo programme was agreed upon officially on 26 May 2003 by the European Union and the European Space Agency.

The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites were launched by Soyuz ST-B flown from Guiana Space Centre on October 21, 2011.

At first, EU officials did not want to change their original plans for Galileo, but have since reached a compromise, that Galileo was to use a different frequency.

* GIOVE-A is the first GIOVE ( Galileo In-Orbit Validation Element ) test satellite.

GETR receivers are supplied by Septentrio as well as the first Galileo navigation receivers to be used to test the functioning of the system at further stages of its deployment.

Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, via gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter.

Despite suffering from antenna problems, Galileo conducted the first asteroid flyby near 951 Gaspra and discovered the first asteroid moon, Dactyl, around the asteroid 243 Ida.

After releasing its atmospheric probe on 13 July 1995, the Galileo orbiter became the first man-made satellite of Jupiter at 00: 27 UT on 8 December 1995 when it fired its main engine to enter a 198-day parking orbit.

Galileo was one of the first spacecraft to be equipped with a CCD camera.

Space probes have been placed into orbit around all the five planets known to the ancients: first Mars ( Mariner 9, 1971 ), then Venus ( Venera 9, 1975 ; but landings on Venus and atmospheric probes were performed even earlier ), Jupiter ( Galileo, 1995 ), Saturn ( Cassini / Huygens, 2004 ), and most recently Mercury ( MESSENGER, March 2011 ), and have returned data about these bodies and their natural satellites.

* 1991 – The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.

The first person to use a telescope to observe the night sky and record his observations was the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in 1609.

Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times, it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations, performed by Galileo Galilei.

Heinlein's first novel published as a book, Rocket Ship Galileo, was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far out, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season.

The Italian physicist Galileo Galilei is credited with being the first to measure speed by considering the distance covered and the time it takes.