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Gardnerian Wicca and other forms of British Traditional Wicca operate as an initiatory mystery cult ; membership is gained only through initiation by a Wiccan High Priestess or High Priest.
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Gardnerian and Wicca
In 1971, Garman Lord and other practitioners of Gardnerian Wicca founded The Coven Witan of Anglo-Saxon Wicca.
In the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca, the Horned God is sometimes specifically referred to as Cernunnos, or sometimes also as Kernunno.
Gardner claimed to have learned the beliefs and practises that would later become known as Gardnerian Wicca from the New Forest Coven, who initiated him into their ranks in 1939.
For this reason, Gardnerian Wicca is usually considered to be the earliest extant tradition of Wicca, from which most subsequent Wiccan traditions are derived.
In the UK and most Commonwealth countries someone self-defined as Wiccan is usually understood to be claiming initiatory descent from Gardner, either through Gardnerian Wicca, or through a derived branch such as Alexandrian Wicca or Algard Wicca.
In Gardnerian Wicca, there are three grades of initiation.
In Gardnerian Wicca, the two principal deities are the Horned God and the Mother Goddess.
Therefore, Gardnerian Wicca can be said to differ from some modern non-coven Craft practices that often concentrate on the solitary practitioner's spiritual development.
Ruickbie, Hutton, and others further argue that much of what has been published of Gardnerian Wicca, as Gardner's practice came to be known by, was written by Blake, Yeats, Valiente and Crowley and contains borrowings from other identifiable sources.
This was the first of a number of disputes between individuals and groups, but the increased publicity only seems to have allowed Gardnerian Wicca to grow much more rapidly.
He was instrumental in bringing the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca to public attention, writing some of its definitive religious texts and founding the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca.
Erroneously believing the coven to be a survival of the pre-Christian Witch-Cult discussed in the works of Margaret Murray, he decided to revive the faith, supplementing the coven's rituals with ideas borrowed from Freemasonry, ceremonial magic and the writings of Aleister Crowley to form the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca.
In Gardnerian Wicca, the Dryghten prayer is recited at the end of every ritual meeting contains the lines referring to the Horned God:
The third degree initiation ceremony in Gardnerian Wicca ( including the Great Rite ) is derived almost completely from the Gnostic Mass.
Over the years Bonewits also had varying degrees of involvement with mystical organizations such as Ordo Templi Orientis, Gardnerian Wicca, and the New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn ( a Wiccan organization not to be confused with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn ) as well as others.
Murray's ideas proved highly influential over the ideas of Gerald Gardner ( 1884 – 1964 ), an English Wiccan who founded the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca in the 1950s before authoring the books Witchcraft Today ( 1954 ) and The Meaning of Witchcraft ( 1959 ).
First developing in the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca, the Rede spread throughout much of the pagan movement in the 1960s.
Gardnerian Wicca is used to refer to the traditions of neopaganism that adhere closely to Gardner's teachings, differentiating it from similar traditions, such as Alexandrian Wicca or more recent Wiccan offshoots.
Gardnerian and other
Gardnerian Wicca and other more traditional groups form their covens from male-female pairs.
Originating within the Gardnerian tradition of the Craft, the first Book of Shadows was created by the pioneering Wiccan Gerald Gardner sometime in the late 1940s or early 1950s, and which he utilised first in his Bricket Wood coven and then in other covens which he founded in following decades.
Historian Ronald Hutton records comments from British practitioners of Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca that distinctions between the two traditions have blurred in the last couple of decades, and some initiates of both traditions have recognized initiation within one as qualification for the other.
Valiente also edited and wrote the introduction to the 1990 book, Witchcraft: A Tradition Renewed by Evan John Jones, which was about forms of Witchcraft other than the Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions, such as Cochrane's Craft.
" Celtic " Wicca can be seen as emphasizing and elaborating on the facets of Gardnerian Wicca that practitioners believe to be Celtic, while de-emphasizing some of the more obviously non-Celtic facets ( such as the worship of deities from other cultures ).
Because the Odyssean tradition has been created from the known published material ( circa 1979 ) of Gardnerian Wicca and Alexandrian Wicca a greater exposure to the ritual style of other Wiccan and Modern Pagan traditions is offered to Odyssean laity, neophytes, and initiates through the Wiccan Church of Canada.
Gardnerian and forms
Various forms of Wicca have since evolved or been adapted from Gardner's British Traditional Wicca or Gardnerian Wicca such as Alexandrian Wicca.
In forms of British Traditional Wicca, which include Gardnerian Wicca, Alexandrian Wicca and Algard Wicca, the Book of Shadows used by adherents is based upon that written by Gardner and Valiente.
In traditional forms of Wicca, such as Gardnerian or Alexandrian, Craft names are typically adopted primarily out of regard for their symbolism.
Gardnerian and British
" Gardnerian " was originally a pejorative term coined by Gardner's initiate and contemporary Roy Bowers ( also known as Robert Cochrane ), a British cunning man.
Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca, British Traditional Wicca, and variations such as Dianic Wicca are examples of eclectic traditions, as are Neo-druid groups like Ár nDraíocht Féin.
( A double-edged blade and black handle are required in almost all covens which practice some variant of British Traditional Wicca, including Gardnerian and Alexandrian.
While the James ’ s and their coven members claimed to have had backgrounds in Gardnerian Wicca, Alexandrian Wicca, and Continental Wicca, these claims were never substantiated — the general consensus of the British Traditional Wiccan community in Ontario prior to 1987 was that these claims had no substance whatsoever.
According to his own claims, in September 1939, a British occultist named Gerald Gardner was initiated into the coven, and subsequently used its beliefs and practices as a basis from which he formed the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca.
Gardnerian and initiatory
The Brotherhood and Sisterhood are oath-bound, initiatory mystery religions which use a ritual framework descended from Gardnerian Wicca.
Blue Star remains a predominantly initiatory coven-based tradition in the model of the Gardnerian or Alexandrian traditions, but a number of " solitary " practitioners exist, typically with a form of long-distance relationship with an established group.
Gardnerian and is
There is also a poetic paraphrased version written by High Priestess Doreen Valiente in the mid 1950s, which is contained within the traditional Gardnerian Book of Shadows.
Doreen Valiente, a former High Priestess of the Gardnerian tradition, claimed that Gerald Gardner's Bricket Wood coven referred to the god as Cernunnos, or Kernunno, which is a Latin word, discovered on a stone carving found in France, meaning " the Horned One ".
Whilst nudity and the practice of witchcraft have long been associated in the visual arts, this contemporary ritual nudity is typically attributed to either the influence of Gerald Gardner or to a passage from Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, and as such is mainly attributed to the Gardnerian and Aradian covens.
Alexandrian Wicca is similar in many ways to Gardnerian Wicca, and receives regular mention in books on Wicca as one of the religion's most widely-recognized traditions.
The tradition is based largely upon Gardnerian Wicca, in which Sanders was trained to the first degree of initiation, and also contains elements of ceremonial magic and Qabalah, which Sanders had studied independently.
Encyclopedia Mystica states that Alexandrian Wicca " never gained the popularity as did the Gardnerian tradition because it is believed Sanders ’ negative publicity hurt it.
As compared to Gardnerian Wicca, Alexandrian Wicca is " somewhat more eclectic ", according to The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism.
In his public writings he mixed elements of what is commonly believed to be Gardnerian Wicca with elements of Italian Witchcraft and lore, some of it reflective of the accounts of Italian Withcraft that earlier appeared in the writings of Charles G. Leland's Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches ( 1899 ).
Adler is a Wiccan priestess in the Gardnerian tradition, an elder in the Covenant of the Goddess, and she also participates in the Unitarian Universalist faith community.
Raymond Buckland ( born 31 August 1934 ), whose craft name is Robat, is an English American writer on the subject of Wicca and the occult, and a significant figure in the history of Wicca, of which he is a High Priest in both the Gardnerian and Seax traditions.
Blue Star Wicca is one of a number of Wiccan traditions, and was created in the United States in the 1970s based loosely on the Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions.
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