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Gaul and is
Their raids throughout the three parts of Gaul were traumatic: Gregory of Tours ( died ca 594 ) mentions their destructive force at the time of Valerian and Gallienus ( 253 – 260 ), when the Alemanni assembled under their " king ", whom he calls Chrocus, who " by the advice, it is said, of his wicked mother, and overran the whole of the Gauls, and destroyed from their foundations all the temples which had been built in ancient times.
Some have understood Ammianus's testimony as a claim that at the time of Atlantis's actual sinking into the sea, its inhabitants fled to western Europe ; but Ammianus in fact says that “ the Drasidae ( Druids ) recall that a part of the population is indigenous but others also migrated in from islands and lands beyond the Rhine " ( Res Gestae 15. 9 ), an indication that the immigrants came to Gaul from the north ( Britain, the Netherlands or Germany ), not from a theorized location in the Atlantic Ocean to the south-west.
While of the other the tribes who had come to Italy along with the Boii, the Senones, Lingones and Cenomani are also attested in Gaul at the time of the Roman conquest, there is no such clear evidence for the Boii in Gaul.
Later on, they attacked the city of Noreia ( in modern Austria ) shortly before a group of Boii ( 32, 000 according to Julius Caesar-the number is probably an exaggeration ) joined the Helvetii in their attempt to settle in western Gaul.
Later Burgundians colonised the area of Gaul that is now known as Burgundy ( French Bourgogne ).
Jerome's first revision of the Itala ( A. D. 383 ), known as the Roman, is still used at St Peter's in Rome, but the " Gallican ", thanks especially to St Gregory of Tours, who introduced it into Gaul in the 6th century, has ousted it everywhere else.
It is believed that the Roman Republic first came into contact with mail fighting the Gauls in Cisalpine Gaul, now Northern Italy.
The often-unreliable Historia Augusta states that he served in Gaul, but this account is not corroborated by other sources and is ignored by modern historians of the period.
Although a tactical defeat for Attila, thwarting his invasion of Gaul and forcing his retreat back to non-Roman lands, the macrohistorical significance of the allied and Roman victory is a matter of debate.
He soon crossed to Gaul with an army and was defeated by Honorius ; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed.
What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul.
The nobleman Orgetorix is presented as the instigator of a new Helvetian migration, in which the entire tribe was to leave their territory and, according to Caesar, to establish a supremacy over all of Gaul.
He warned a noble woman of Gaul: “ He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near.
Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ “ shall consume with the spirit of his mouth .” “ Woe unto them ,” he cries, “ that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days .”... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun all parts of Gaul.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast.
" As an example he mentions that Pytheas says Kent is several days ' sail from Celtica when it is visible from Gaul across the channel.
Its last appearance in the Merovingian chancery is with a document of 692, though it was known in Gaul until the middle of the following century.
It is known that a world map based on the Geographia was on display in Augustodunum, Gaul in late Roman times.
Relying on knowledge of pre-Roman Gaul, or 13th century Ireland, as a guide to the Picts of the 6th century may be misleading if analogy is pursued too far.

Gaul and still
With a small detachment still positioned in Gaul, Scipio made an attempt to intercept Hannibal.
With his elevation as Bishop of Rome, Stephen gave his attention to the situation in West Francia, or as the Romans still referred to it, Gaul.
* Belisarius, still besieging Ravenna, negotiates a treaty with Theodebert I ( whose forces are suffering from dysentery ) and the Franks retreat to Gaul.
The Irish word gall, on the other hand, did originally mean " a Gaul " i. e. an inhabitant of Gaul, but its meaning was later widened to " foreigner ", to describe the Vikings, and later still the Normans.
After this Nepos ruled, briefly, over the whole of the remaining Western Roman Empire ; still centered on Italy, the Empire's heartland, and including his native Dalmatia, and the remaining parts of Roman Gaul.
Even though Arelate and Marseilles in Southern Gaul were still governed by the Western court,
With Victoria's support, Tetricus I was made Emperor, and was recognized in Britannia and the parts of Gaul still controlled by the Empire.
Darker still were the iniquities of Carthage, surpassing even the unconcealed licentiousness of Gaul and Spain ( iv.
The Senate then voted that Julius Caesar ( still in Gaul ) be removed from power in favor of Pompey, but the Tribunes were able to block this decree.
On hearing this news, Caesar rallied his army in haste and crossed the Alps, still buried in snow, into central Gaul.
He persuaded the king to stamp out the pagan practices still existing in Gaul and to forbid the excess that accompanied the celebration of most Christian festivals.
A triumphal arch was built outside the town between 10 and 25 B. C., near the end of the reign of Augustus, the first such arch to be built in Gaul, as well as an impressive mausoleum of the Julii family, both still standing.
Both Aquitaine and Septimania were still out of central Frankish control after Charles's death, but Pepin the Short was determined to subdue southern Gaul.
Julianus ( r. 360 – 363 ) launched a drive against official corruption which allowed the tax demands in Gaul to be reduced to one-third of their previous amount, while all government requirements were still met.
His successor Ataulf, still regarded as an usurper and given only occasional and short-term grants of supplies, moved north into the turmoil of Gaul, where there was some prospect of food.
The Roman occupation led to a Roman-Thracian syncretism, and similar to the case of other conquered civilisation ( see Gallo-Roman culture developed in Roman Gaul ), had as final result the Latinization of many Thracian tribes which were on the edge of the sphere of Latin influence, eventually resulting in the possible extinction of the Daco-Thracian language ( unless, of course, Albanian is its descendant ), although traces of it are still preserved in the Eastern Romance substratum.
Brennus ' sack of Rome was still remembered by Romans, when Julius Caesar conquered the remainder of Gaul.
This from its position after the Conversion of St. Paul in the Gothicum, ought to be St. Peter's Chair at Antioch, 22 Feb .; but it will not work out as such with the two Sundays between it and the Epiphany and three between it and Lent, as it appears in the Luxeuil Lectionary ; so it must mean St. Peter's Chair at Rome, 18 Jan., which is known to have been the festival kept in Gaul ; three Sundays after St. Peter's Chair ( Luxeuil ); Initium Quadragesimae ; five Lenten Masses ( Gothicum ); Palm Sunday ( Luxeuil ); " Symboli Traditio " ( Gothicum ); Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of Holy Week, called by the name still used in the Ambrosian Rite, Authentica Hebdomada ( Luxeuil ); Maundy Thursday ; Good Friday ; Easter Eve ; Easter Day and the whole week ; Low Sunday, called in both Clausum Paschae ; four more Sundays after Easter ( Luxeuil ); Invention of the Cross ( Gothicum, 3 May ); St. John the Evangelist ( Gothicum, 6 May ); three Rogation Days ; Ascension ; Sunday after Ascension ( Luxeuil ); Pentecost ; Sunday after Pentecost ( Luxeuil ); Sts.
The chief authorities for the Gallican Mass are the letters of St. Germanus of Paris ( 555-576 ); and by a comparison of these with the extant Sacramentaries, not only of Gaul but of the Celtic Rite, with the Irish tracts on the Mass, with the books of the still existing Mozarabic Rite, and with the descriptions of the Hispanic Mass given by St. Isidore, one may arrive at a fairly clear general idea of the service, though there exists no Gallican Ordinary of the Mass and no Antiphoner.
However, the prefecture of Italy was retained by the new Ostrogothic Kingdom, which was still de jure part of the Empire, and Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great even re-established the prefecture of Gaul in the small portion of Gaul he conquered in the 510s.
Amadis of Gaul was the favorite reading matter of Henri IV ; Béroalde de Verville was still writing, and Nicolas de Montreux had just died in 1608.

Gaul and held
The councils of Gaul held in the first half of the sixth century had given to bishops absolute authority over religious communities, even going so far as to order the abbots to appear periodically before their respective bishops to receive reproof or advice, as might be considered necessary.
Medieval tradition held that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite had traveled to Rome and then was commissioned by the Pope to preach in Gaul ( France ), where he was martyred.
Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern Belgium until 460.
Among the Aedui, a tribe of Gaul, the executive held the title of Vergobret, a position much like a king, but his powers were held in check by rules laid down by the council.
There is no certainty concerning the origin of the druids, but it is clear that they vehemently guarded the secrets of their order and held sway over the people of Gaul.
Synods were held in Ireland, Gaul, and England ( e. g. the Synod of Whitby ) but a degree of variation continued in Britain after the Ionan church accepted the Roman date.
Very little is known about his subsequent career-though it is probable that he served in Gaul and on the Danube frontier, and possible that he was in Baetica and Parthia-until he held the office of Consul in 129 or 130.
Constantine held out, hoping for the return of his general Edobichus who was raising troops in northern Gaul amongst the Franks, but on his return Edobichus was defeated by a simple stratagem.
After Aëtius ' murder Aegidius assumed the role his mentor had held, maintaining order between the foederati and Romans in Gaul, but " while Aëtius had sought to preserve the equilibrium within the Gallic community with the help of Hunnic warriors from outside, Aegidius drew his support largely from the Salian Franks under Clovis ' father Childeric.
He held the rank of metropolitan of Vienne and Narbonne, and attempted to exercise the sort of primacy over the church of south Gaul, which seemed implied in the vicariate granted to his predecessor Patroclus of Arles ( 417 ).
The " council of the three Gauls " continued to be held annually for nearly three centuries, even after Gaul was divided into provinces.
Nearing insanity, he was nursed back to health by Cordelia after he sent a Messenger to tell her he was outside Karitia where his daughter lived, after which he was held in high honour in Gaul by the leaders, who vowed to restore him to his former glory and made him regent of Gaul until he was restored.
In March and April 56 BC, meetings were held at Ravenna and Luca, in Caesar's province of Cisalpine Gaul, to reaffirm the weakening alliance formed four years earlier.
During the Middle Ages, its archbishops held the prestigious role of primates of Gaul and Germany.
The Council of Vaison may refer to several pre-Schism church councils held at Vaison in Gaul ( present-day France ).
He was the commander of Legio II Augusta at Caerleon and then he later held two governorships in Gaul before becoming the governor of Britannia Inferior, a province of Roman Britain in 220.
The litaniae minores or rogations, held on the three days preceding Ascension Day, were first introduced into Gaul by Bishop Mamertus of Vienne ( c. 470 ), and made binding for all Gaul by the First Council of Orleans ( 511 ).
* Romans in Gaul: A Webliography-A Teacher Workshop held at Temple University, November 3, 2001.
Caesar, who held the position of proconsul of Transalpine Gaul, invites Vercingetorix and the Arvenes to participate in an invasion of Britain and gives Vercingetorix a horse to ride back to Gergovia.
In the divided Empire, the two senior prefects were those of the East and of Italy, residing in the courts of the two emperors and acting effectively as their first ministers, while the prefects of Illyricum and Gaul held a more junior position.
He then become Praetorian prefect of Gaul, an office held in 382 circa, then took a break for some years.

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