His children are Elizabeth Sarah Gell-Mann ( b. 1956 ) and Nicholas Webster Gell-Mann ( b. 1963 ); and he has a stepson, Nicholas Southwick Levis ( b. 1978 ).

Murray Gell-Mann always referred to Feynman diagrams as Stueckelberg diagrams, after a Swiss physicist, Ernst Stueckelberg, who devised a similar notation many years earlier.

In the academic field, physicist Murray Gell-Mann named a type of subatomic particle as a quark, after the phrase " Three quarks for Muster Mark " on page 383 of Finnegans Wake, as he already had the sound " kwork ".

The discovery was a great triumph in the study of quark processes, since it was found only after its existence, mass, and decay products had been predicted by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann in 1962 and independently by Yuval Ne ' eman.

Modifying the integer-charged quark model of Han and Nambu, Fritzsch and Gell-Mann were the first to write down the modern accepted theory of quantum chromodynamics, although they did not anticipate asymptotic freedom.

Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, working together, along with the independent duo of George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, were the first to discover the vector and axial vector structures of the weak interaction in physics.

In later years, when quark theory became established as the standard model of particle physics, the Nobel committee presumably felt they couldn't recognize Zweig as the scientist who first spelled out the theory's implications in detail and suggested that they might be real, without including Gell-Mann again.

The first convention ( used in this article ) is equivalent to the earlier Gell-Mann – Nishijima formula.

In the 1950s – 1970s, Caltech was the home of Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, whose work was central to the establishment of the Standard Model of particle physics.

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

Murray Gell-Mann (; born September 15, 1929 ) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.

Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low energy pion interactions.

Gell-Mann is responsible for the see-saw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the inverse-GUT scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino, like the SO ( 10 ) model.

Gell-Mann was born in lower Manhattan into a family of Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Gell-Mann quickly revealed himself as a child prodigy.

In 1948, Gell-Mann earned a bachelor's degree in Physics and went on to attend graduate school at MIT where he received his PhD in physics in 1951.

Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining many puzzling aspects of the physics of these particles.

Gell-Mann referred to the scheme as the Eightfold Way, because of the octets of particles in the classification.

In 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig, independently, went on to postulate the existence of quarks, particles of which hadrons are composed.

Gell-Mann also is an avid birdwatcher, a collector of antiquities, rancher, and a keen linguist.

The author George Johnson has written a biography of Gell-Mann, which is titled Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics, which Dr. Gell-Mann has criticized as inaccurate.

Gell-Mann earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Yale University in 1948, and a PhD in physics from MIT in 1951.

In 1984 Gell-Mann co-founded the Santa Fe Institute — a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico — to study complex systems and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.

) Gell-Mann, however, wanted to pronounce the word with ( ô ) not ( ä ), as Joyce seemed to indicate by rhyming words in the vicinity such as Mark.

) However, the many-worlds interpretation has been gaining acceptance ; a controversial poll mentioned in " The Physics of Immortality " ( published in 1994 ), of 72 " leading cosmologists and other quantum field theorists " found that 58 % supported the many-worlds interpretation, including Stephen Hawking and Nobel laureates Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman.

The gluon contains an octet of fields, belongs to the adjoint representation ( 8 ), and can be written using the Gell-Mann matrices as

The dependence of physical quantities, such as the electric charge or electron mass, on the scale Λ is hidden, effectively swapped for the longer-distance scales at which the physical quantities are measured, and, as a result, all observable quantities end up being finite, instead, even for an infinite Λ. Gell-Mann and Low thus realized in these results that, while, infinitesimally, a tiny change in g is provided by the above RG equation given ψ ( g ), the self-similarity is expressed by the fact that ψ ( g ) depends explicitly only upon the parameter ( s ) of the theory, and not upon the scale μ. Consequently, the above renormalization group equation may be solved for ( G and thus ) g ( μ ).

It is also asserted by Werner Heisenberg ( Nobel Prize 1932 ), Sir Arthur Eddington, Max Born ( Nobel Prize 1954 ) and Murray Gell-Mann ( Nobel Prize 1969 ).

Like Gell-Mann, he realized that several important properties of particles such as baryons ( e. g., protons and neutrons ) could be explained by treating them as triplets of other constituent particles ( which he called aces and Gell-Mann called quarks ), with fractional baryon number and electric charge.

Before the Standard Model ( SM ) was developed in the 1970s ( the key elements of the Standard Model known as quarks were proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964 ), physicists observed hundreds of different kinds of particles in particle accelerators.

Since the development of the quark model by Murray Gell-Mann ( and independently by George Zweig as well ), the vector mesons have demonstrated the spectroscopy of pure states.

* Murray Gell-Mann ( born 1929 ), American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics

He is the author of a number of books, including The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments ( 2008 ) and Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics ( 1999 ), and writes for a number of publications, including The New York Times.

Moreover, there have been attempts to use the mathematical theory of complexity and information theory, as developed by many scientists among whom are Murray Gell-Mann and Claude E. Shannon, respectively.

In 1969, Lucas married film editor Marcia Lou Griffin, who went on to win an Academy Award for her editing work on the original Star Wars film.

Marcia Euphemia was the only known daughter of Marcian, and she was married to Anthemius, later Western Roman Emperor.

Leontia then married Marcian, a son of Emperor Anthemius and Marcia Euphemia.

In 453 he married Marcia Euphemia, daughter of the Eastern Emperor Marcian ( 450 – 457 ); after the marriage he was elevated to the rank of comes and sent to the Danubian frontier with the task of rebuilding the border defences, left in bad condition after Attila's death in 453.

In 234, Philip married Marcia Otacilia Severa, daughter of a Roman Governor.

He and his first wife had two children: Thomas Sheridan, who married Caroline Henrietta Callander, daughter of Col. Sir James Campbell Callander, of Craigforth, Stirling, and Ardkinglas, and was the father of the 4th Baroness of Dufferin and Claneboye, Caroline Sheridan and the 12th Duchess of Somerset ; and Edith Marcia Caroline Sheridan ( d. 9 April 1876 ), m. 30 June 1864 to John Francis Thynne, of Haynes Park ( 17 June 1830 – 30 January 1910, Justice of Peace, of the Marquesses of Bath, and had issue.

Diamond then married Marcia Murphey, a production assistant ; they also had two children, both sons, Jesse and Micah.

In 1976, he married Marcia Johnson and they had two children, Todd and Kori.

His daughter Marcia Servilia Sorana, with whom he had a loving relationship, later married Roman Senator Annius Pollio.

Oscar and June Levant were married for 33 years, until his death in 1972 ; they had three children, Marcia, Lorna, and Amanda.

He married his high school sweetheart, Marcia ; he " asked her to go steady in the eighth grade ".

Leontia then married Marcian, a son of Anthemius and Marcia Euphemia.

After the widowed Marcia inherited considerable wealth, Cato married her again, in a ceremony lacking many of the formalities.

After divorcing Atilia, Cato married Marcia, daughter of Lucius Marcius Philippus, who bore him two or three children.

While Cato was married to Marcia, the renowned orator Q Hortensius Hortalus, who was Cato's admirer and friend, desired a connection to Cato's family and asked for the hand of Porcia, Cato's eldest daughter.

On the condition that Marcia's father consented to the match, Cato agreed to divorce Marcia, who then married Hortensius.

f. L. n .) Caesar, grandfather of the dictator, married Marcia.

* Colonel Richard Francis Abel Smith ( 11 October 1933 – 23 December 2004 ); he married Marcia Kendrew ( born 27 March 1940 ) on 28 April 1960 ; they have one daughter and four grandchildren.

Crewe married firstly Sibyl Marcia Graham ( 1857 – 1887 ), daughter of Sir Frederick Graham, 3rd Baronet of Netherby, in 1880.

Arbuthnot was first married on 28 February 1799 to Marcia Mary Anne Clapcott Lisle, at Cholmondeley House, Piccadilly.

The couple's four children included General Charles George James Arbuthnot and Marcia Arbuthnot, who later married William Cholmondeley, 3rd Marquess of Cholmondeley.

On September 2, 1927, he married actress Marcia Ralstone in Sydney, Australia ; they had met when he played a concert date.

Marcia mcCabe is married to Chris Goutman an executive producer of Soap Opera's in NYC.