In the 1950s – 1970s, Caltech was the home of Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, whose work was central to the establishment of the Standard Model of particle physics.

The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce (" Three quarks for Muster Mark!

The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964.

The word quark was coined by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann ( b. 1929 ) in its present sense.

Gell-Mann got around that " by supposing that one ingredient of the line ' Three quarks for Muster Mark ' was a cry of ' Three quarts for Mister.

Since free quark searches consistently failed to turn up any evidence for the new particles, and because an elementary particle back then was defined as a particle which could be separated and isolated, Gell-Mann often said that quarks were merely convenient mathematical constructs, not real particles.

Although Gell-Mann believed that certain quark charges could be localized, he was open to the possibility that the quarks themselves could not be localized because space and time break down.

The discovery was a great triumph in the study of quark processes, since it was found only after its existence, mass, and decay products had been predicted by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann in 1962 and independently by Yuval Ne ' eman.

" McCarthy remains active in the academic community of Santa Fe and spends much of his time at the Santa Fe Institute, which was founded by his friend, physicist Murray Gell-Mann.

Strangeness was introduced by Murray Gell-Mann and Kazuhiko Nishijima to explain the fact that certain particles, such as the kaons or certain hyperons, were created easily in particle collisions, yet decayed much more slowly than expected for their large masses and large production cross sections.

The Santa Fe Institute was founded in 1984 by scientists George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky.

This institute was founded in 1984 by George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky.

Sidney Richard Coleman ( 7 March 1937 – 18 November 2007 ) was an American theoretical physicist who studied under Murray Gell-Mann.

The word " quark " is a definiendum where the definiens was stipulated by Gell-Mann.

Unlike Gell-Mann, Zweig was partly led to his picture of the quark model by the peculiarly attenuated decays of the φ meson to ρ π, a feature codified by what is now known as the OZI Rule, the " Z " in which stands for " Zweig ".

As pointed out by astrophysicist John Gribbin, Gell-Mann deservedly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1969, for his overall contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions ; at that time, quark theory had not become fully accepted, and was not specifically mentioned.

Cabibbo was inspired by previous work by Murray Gell-Mann and Maurice Lévy, on the effectively rotated nonstrange and strange vector and axial weak currents, which he references.

The work Omnès presents in his books was developed by Omnès himself, Robert B. Griffiths, Murray Gell-Mann, James Hartle, and others.

Before the Standard Model ( SM ) was developed in the 1970s ( the key elements of the Standard Model known as quarks were proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964 ), physicists observed hundreds of different kinds of particles in particle accelerators.

He was assisted in his work by Murray Gell-Mann, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.

It was essentially the same theory as that proposed by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann in their " mathematical physics " paper on the structure of the weak interaction.

Murray Gell-Mann (; born September 15, 1929 ) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.

* Murray Gell-Mann ( born 1929 ), American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics

To gain greater insight, the hadrons were sorted into groups having similar properties and masses using the eightfold way, invented in 1961 by Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne ' eman.

In physics, the Eightfold Way is a term coined by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann for a theory organizing subatomic baryons and mesons into octets ( alluding to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism ).

The Standard Model of physics, particularly given the work of Murray Gell-Mann in the 1960s, had been successful in uniting much of the previously disparate concepts in particle physics into one, relatively straightforward, scheme.

Gell-Mann earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Yale University in 1948, and a PhD in physics from MIT in 1951.

He earned his PhD from Caltech in 1961, studying under Murray Gell-Mann.

He became a research fellow in physics at Indiana University in 1960 and worked at the California Institute of Technology from 1962 to 1970, where he worked alongside Richard Feynman, Murray Gell-Mann, and William Fowler.

" Physicist Murray Gell-Mann borrowed this expression from T. H.

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

Murray Gell-Mann always referred to Feynman diagrams as Stueckelberg diagrams, after a Swiss physicist, Ernst Stueckelberg, who devised a similar notation many years earlier.

Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low energy pion interactions.

Modifying the integer-charged quark model of Han and Nambu, Fritzsch and Gell-Mann were the first to write down the modern accepted theory of quantum chromodynamics, although they did not anticipate asymptotic freedom.

Gell-Mann is responsible for the see-saw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the inverse-GUT scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino, like the SO ( 10 ) model.

In 1948, Gell-Mann earned a bachelor's degree in Physics and went on to attend graduate school at MIT where he received his PhD in physics in 1951.

Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining many puzzling aspects of the physics of these particles.

Gell-Mann referred to the scheme as the Eightfold Way, because of the octets of particles in the classification.

In 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig, independently, went on to postulate the existence of quarks, particles of which hadrons are composed.

Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, working together, along with the independent duo of George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, were the first to discover the vector and axial vector structures of the weak interaction in physics.

Gell-Mann also is an avid birdwatcher, a collector of antiquities, rancher, and a keen linguist.

The author George Johnson has written a biography of Gell-Mann, which is titled Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics, which Dr. Gell-Mann has criticized as inaccurate.

In 1984 Gell-Mann co-founded the Santa Fe Institute — a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico — to study complex systems and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.