Leigh-Mallory, on the other hand, had devised with Acting Squadron Leader Douglas Bader, a massed fighter formation known as the Big Wing, which they used, with little success, to hunt German bomber formations.

Acting upon this intelligence, the German secret police moved in to arrest the PFLP-GC cell on 26 October, raiding 14 apartments and arresting 17 men, fearing that to keep them under surveillance much longer was to risk losing control of the situation.

The standardized form of Austrian German for official texts and schools is defined by the Austrian Dictionary (), published under the authority of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture.

The constitutional law in Germany is ruled in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany ( German Grundgesetz, ) from 23. 05. 1949.

* 1977 – German Federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback and his driver are shot by two Red Army Faction members while waiting at a red light.

In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries ' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany.

On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became the official German capital.

The Reichstag building was also occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the Bundesversammlung, the body which elects the German Federal President.

Meyer became director when Gropius resigned in February 1928, and brought the Bauhaus its two most significant building commissions, both of which still exist: five apartment buildings in the city of Dessau, and the headquarters of the Federal School of the German Trade Unions ( ADGB ) in Bernau.

There were major commissions: one from the city of Dessau for five tightly designed " Laubenganghäuser " ( apartment buildings with balcony access ), which are still in use today, and another for the headquarters of the Federal School of the German Trade Unions ( ADGB ) in Bernau bei Berlin.

* Bundesministerium des Innern, the German Federal Ministry of the Interior

1900 ( German Federal Archives )

The German Confederation or German Union ( Deutscher Bund ) was a loose confederation of thirty-five monarchical states and four republican ( but hardly democratic ) free cities, with a Federal Assembly in Frankfurt.

** The Federal Diet ( In German: Deutscher Bundestag ), federal parliament of Germany

Until this German Federal legislation was introduced, there were no recognised mechanism to prevent administrators in private bodies and civil servants in public-funded bodies ( such as universities ) from automatically discriminating between the qualifications of people with German doctorates compared to holders of doctorates from an EU member state.

In addition, the Occupation Statute of 1949, which granted partial independence to the newly created Federal Republic of Germany, specifically forbade the imposition of import quotas to protect German film production from foreign competition, the result of lobbying by the American industry as represented by the MPAA.

As a consequence of this, numerous German production and distribution companies went out of business in the 1950s and 1960s and cinemas across the Federal Republic closed their doors ; the number of screens in West Germany almost halved between the beginning and the end of the decade.

Despite the foundation of the Kuratorium Junger Deutscher Film ( Young German Film Committee ) in 1965, set up under the auspices of the Federal Ministry of the Interior to support new German films financially, the directors of this New German Cinema, who rejected co-operation with the existing film industry, were consequently often dependent on money from television.

This situation changed after 1974 when the Film-Fernseh-Abkommen ( Film and Television Accord ) was agreed between the Federal Republic's main broadcasters, ARD and ZDF, and the German Federal Film Board ( a government body created in 1968 to support film-making in Germany ).

* The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic ( West and East Germany ) were both recognised on January 7, 1972 by Finland.

* Federal cartel office, German competition authority ( Bundeskartellamt )

The German word Land is the exact cognate of English land but it carries many political, constitutional, and historical meanings absent from the English term ( among other things a constituent state of the German Federal Republic, historically a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, but also " rural " as opposed to " urban ", etc .— the Swedish lantis equating to " country bumpkin " or " hick "— most of these meanings are borne by the Anglo-Norman word country in English ).

The infamous Wansee Conference called by Heydrich in January 1942, to organize the material and technical means to put to death the eleven million Jews spread throughout the nations of Europe, was attended by representatives of major organs of the German state, including the Reich Minister of the Interior, the State Secretary in charge of the Four Year Plan, the Reich Minister of Justice, the Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

Relations further deteriorated when, in January 1948, the U. S. State Department also published a collection of documents titled Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939 – 1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office, which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe, the 1939 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement, and discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power.

The work of post-war Germany's leading novelists Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass provided source material for the adaptations The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum ( 1975 ) ( by Schlöndorff and Margarethe von Trotta ) and The Tin Drum ( 1979 ) ( by Schlöndorff alone ) respectively, the latter becoming the first German film to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

* German Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Germany: relations with Finland

Following the war, many former German soldiers joined the Foreign Legion to pursue a military career with an elite unit, an option that was no longer possible in Germany.

Heinrich Abeken ( August 19, 1809, Osnabrück – August 8, 1872 ), German theologian and Prussian Privy Legation Councillor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Berlin, was born and raised in the city of Osnabrück as a son of a merchant, he was incited to a higher education by the example of his uncle Bernhard Rudolf Abeken.

The Court was originally proposed by German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel.

Falsifiers was published in response to the documents made public in Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939 – 1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office, which included the secret protocols of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and other secret German-Soviet relations documents.

When the Nazis came to power, there was only one resignation from the Foreign Office: German Ambassador to the United States Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron resigned because he could not in good conscience serve the Nazi regime.

In October 1933, German Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath presented a note at the World Disarmament Conference announcing that it was unfair that Germany should remain disarmed by Part V of the Versailles treaty, and demanded that the other powers either disarm to Germany's level, or that they abolish Part V and allow Germany Gleichberechtigung (“ equality of armaments ”).

In November 1937, Ribbentrop was placed in a highly embarrassing situation when his forceful advocacy of the return of the former German colonies led to the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and the French Foreign Minister Yvon Delbos offering to open talks on returning the former German colonies, in return for which the Germans would make binding commitments to respect their borders in Central and Eastern Europe.

Immediately after turning down the Anglo-French offer on colonial restoration, Ribbentrop for reasons of pure malice ordered the Reichskolonialbund to increase the agitation for the former German colonies, a move which exasperated both the Foreign Office and Quai d ' Orsay.

As time went by, Ribbentrop took to restructuring the Foreign Office by creating new offices like the Agency for News Analysis which fought with the Propaganda Ministry for control of German propaganda abroad, and by creating an inner circle of loyalists, many of whom had come from the Dienststelle.

In a protest note at Ribbentrop's behaviour, Colonel Beck reminded the German Foreign Minister that Poland was an independent country and was not some sort of German protectorate which Ribbentrop could bully at will.

On 23 April 1939 the Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu told the British Ambassador of his nation's fears of Italian claims of the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum and German control of the Balkans, and suggested an Anglo-Soviet-Turkish alliance as the best way of countering the Axis.

The German Embassy in Ankara had been vacant ever since the retirement of the previous ambassador Friedrich von Keller in November 1938, and Ribbentrop was only able to get the Turks to accept Papen as Ambassador when the Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu complained to Kroll in April 1939 about when the Germans were ever going to sent a new ambassador.

On 7 May 1940, Ribbentrop founded a new section of the Foreign Office, the Abteilung Deutschland ( Department of Internal German Affairs ), under Martin Luther, to which was assigned the responsibility for all anti-Semitic affairs.

In the aftermath of the failed coup in Bucharest, the Foreign Office assembled evidence that the SD had backed the coup, which led to Ribbentrop sharply restricting the powers of the SD police attachés, who since October 1939 had operated largely independently of the German embassies at which they had been stationed.

When it came to time for Ribbentrop to present the German declaration of war on 22 June 1941 to the Soviet Ambassador, General Vladimir Dekanozov, Paul Schmidt described the scene :" It is just before four on the morning of Sunday, 22 June 1941 in the office of the Foreign Minister.

The resulting scandal was another blow to the Foreign Office, made all the worse in that it was the Japanese who had discovered and broken up the Sorge spy ring without any German assistance.