Then they moved offices of the East German puppet government into East Berlin and began illegally to treat it as the capital of East Germany.

That this and the closing of the East Berlin-West Berlin border have not been accepted by the Western governments appears in notes which Britain, France, and the United States sent to Moscow after the latter's gratuitous protest over a visit of Chancellor Adenauer and other West German officials to West Berlin.

East Berlin ( Communist ) radio in German to Germany:

The weekly loss is partly counterbalanced by 500 arrivals each week from West Germany, but the hard truth, says Crossman, is that `` The closing off of East Berlin without interference from the West and with the use only of East German, as distinct from Russian, troops was a major Communist victory, which dealt West Berlin a deadly, possibly a fatal, blow.

This leader must be a man who lives above illusions that heretofore have shaped the foreign policy of the United States, namely that Russia will agree to a reunited Germany, that the East German government does not exist, that events in Japan in June 1960 were Communist-inspired, that the true government of China is in Formosa, that Mao was the evil influence behind Khrushchev at the Summit Conference in Paris in May 1960, and that either China or Russia wants or expects war.

An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

* 1972 – An East German Ilyushin Il-62 crashes during takeoff from East Berlin, killing 156.

* 1962 – East German border guards kill 18-year-old Peter Fechter as he attempts to cross the Berlin Wall into West Berlin becoming one of the first victims of the wall.

* 1997 – Egon Krenz, the former East German leader, is convicted of a shoot-to-kill policy at the Berlin Wall.

* 1983 – The German magazine Der Stern claims that the " Hitler Diaries " had been found in wreckage in East Germany ; the diaries are subsequently revealed to be forgeries.

* In Germanic languages, except English, East Sea is used: Afrikaans ( Oossee ), Danish ( Østersøen ), Dutch ( Oostzee ), German ( Ostsee ), Icelandic and Faroese ( Eystrasalt ), Norwegian ( Østersjøen ), and Swedish ( Östersjön ).

After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin — the capital of East Germany — and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 – 1989 ).

In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries ' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany.

West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory and East Germany proclaimed East Berlin ( described as " Berlin ") as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the western powers.

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November 1989 and was subsequently mostly demolished, with little of its physical structure remaining today ; the East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain near the Oberbaumbrücke over the Spree preserves a portion of the Wall.

Each of the national governments based in Berlin — the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany — initiated ambitious ( re -) construction programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the city's architecture.

The Trekboers, as they were originally known, were mainly of Dutch origin and included Calvinists, such as Flemish and Frisian Calvinists, as well as French Huguenot and German and British protestants who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of its administration ( 1652 – 1795 ) by the Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC ).

The Second Battle of El Alamein reversed German ambitions in North Africa, and is often cited as one of the turning points of the Second World War.

The Boer nation is mainly descended from Dutch, German and French Huguenots, who migrated to South Africa during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries.

German Cavalryman in September 1914, German South-West Africa.

* German East Africa

* German South West Africa

Lewin ( 2001 ) reports that "... consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery ; its efficacy ( probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis ) was confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II ".

In West Africa, clicks have been reported allophonically, and similarly in German, faint clicks have been recorded in rapid speech where the consonants and overlap between words.

The FP saw combat in Cameroun, and successfully invaded and conquered areas of German East Africa, notably present day Rwanda, during World War I.

Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majid's death in 1870, but was revived in 1887, when the German East Africa Company established a station there.

The town's growth was facilitated by its role as the administrative and commercial centre of German East Africa and industrial expansion resulting from the construction of the Central Railway Line in the early 1900s.

German East Africa was captured by the British during World War I and from then on was referred to as Tanganyika.

Hitler's ideological foes were the Communists in Russia but because of the German failure to defeat the United Kingdom and the Italian failures in North Africa and the Mediterranean the Axis forces were split between garrisoning western Europe and Scandinavia and attacking Africa.

In Africa, these were Togo, the Cameroons, German South-West Africa, and German East Africa ; in Oceania, they were German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Marshall Islands.

In November 1942 Vichy France was finally occupied by German forces, because the war in North Africa was coming to an end ; the Germans foresaw a threat in southern Europe by the allied forces.

The demise of the impi finally came about with the success of European colonization of Africa-first in southern Africa by the British, and finally in East Africa as German colonialists defeated the last of the impi-style formations under Mkawawa, chief of the Hehe of Tanzania.

All Quiet on the Western Front () is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I.

Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny () is a political-satirical opera composed by Kurt Weill to a German libretto by Bertolt Brecht.

The name " alkaloids " () was introduced in 1819 by the German chemist Carl F. W.

() is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, about east of Stuttgart and north of Ulm.

The House of Ascania () was a dynasty of German rulers.

Most of the population () speaks German ( 84. 5 %), with Italian being second most common ( 3. 3 %) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 2. 9 %).

Most of the population () speaks German ( 477, 093 or 87. 1 %) as their first language, Italian is the second most common ( 17, 847 or 3. 3 %) and Serbo-Croatian is the third ( 10, 645 or 1. 9 %).

Most of the population () speaks German ( 129, 592 or 77. 8 %), with Italian being second most common ( 9, 049 or 5. 4 %) and French being third ( 4, 280 or 2. 6 %).

The term " ecology " () is of a more recent origin and was first coined by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in his book Generelle Morphologie der Organismen ( 1866 ).

Freikorps () are German volunteer military or paramilitary units.

The Day of German Unity () is the national day of Germany, celebrated on 3 October as a public holiday.

Alliance ' 90 / The Greens () is a green political party in Germany, formed from the merger of the German Green Party ( founded in West Germany in 1980 ) and Alliance 90 ( founded during the Revolution of 1989 – 1990 in East Germany ) in 1993.

Most Wurst is still made by German sausage butchers () with natural casings derived from pork, sheep or lamb intestine.

The German Empire () is the common name given to the state officially named the ( literally: " German Realm "), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.

The Marine () is the navy of Germany and is part of the unified Bundeswehr ( the German Armed Forces ).

The German Confederation () was the loose association of 39 states created in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries.

The German Confederation () was founded, a loose union of 39 states ( 35 ruling princes and 4 free cities ) under Austrian leadership, with a Federal Diet () meeting in Frankfurt am Main.

The monastic state of the Teutonic Order () and its later German successor states of Prussia however never were part of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Charter of the German Expellees () of August 5, 1950, announced their belief in requiring that " the right to the homeland is recognized and carried out as one of the fundamental rights of mankind given by God ", while renouncing revenge and retaliation in the face of the " unending suffering " ( unendliche Leid ) of the previous decade, and supporting the unified effort to rebuild Germany and Europe.

Hedwig () is a German female given name.

Heckler & Koch GmbH ( HK ) () is a German defense manufacturing company that produces various small arms.

Karl Bernhardovic Radek () ( 31 October 1885 – 19 May 1939 ) was a socialist active in the Polish and German movements before World War I and an international Communist leader after the Russian Revolution.