The purpose of the citadel was to prevent the Old Prussian settlement of Truso from being reoccupied, as the German crusaders were at war with the pagan Prussians.

During a period of more than 150 years leading up to the arrival of German crusaders in the region, Estonia was attacked thirteen times by Russian principalities, and by Denmark and Sweden as well.

As the German grip tightened, the Livonians rebelled against the crusaders and the christened chief but the uprising was put down.

The German crusaders enlisted newly baptised Livonian warriors to participate in their campaigns against Latgallians and Selonians ( 1208 – 1209 ), Estonians ( 1208 – 1227 ) and against Semigallians, Samogitians and Curonians ( 1219 – 1290 ).

The ruler of Tālava, Tālivaldis ( Talibaldus de Tolowa ), became the most loyal ally of German crusaders against the Estonians, and he died a Catholic martyr in 1215.

The last Estonian county to hold out against the invaders was the island county of Saaremaa, whose war fleets had raided Denmark and Sweden during the years of fighting against the German crusaders.

* 1147 – Seljuk Turks completely annihilate German crusaders under Conrad III at the Battle of Dorylaeum.

Historical names of the town include Tarbatu, an Estonian fortress founded in the 5th century, Yuryev () named c. 1030 by Yaroslav I the Wise, and Dorpat as first known by the German crusaders in the 13th century.

In 1224, after additional troops led by prince Vyachko of Kukenois had been installed in the fort, it was besieged and conquered for one last time by the German crusaders.

* October 25 – Battle of Dorylaeum, the Seljuq Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III.

Some Italian and German crusaders were defeated and killed at Xerigordon at the end of August.

However, recent analysis of the 15th-century Annals of Jan Długosz by Labuda suggests that the German crusaders may have been added to the text after chronicler Długosz had completed the work.

A Latgalian hill fort is known to have existed at Rēzekne from the 9th to the 13th centuries, until its destruction at the hands of German crusaders of the Livonian Order.

This land been occupied by German crusaders and Swedish, Polish, Prussian, German and Russian armies.

Sigismund and many German princes arrived before the walls of Prague on June 30 at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the possibility of pillage.

Sigismund and many German princes arrived before Prague on 30 June at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the hope of pillage.

At the end of the 12th century, German crusaders and merchants travelled up the Daugava, establishing missionaries among the Liv settlements.

In 1206 the Liv chieftain Ako organized the first revolt against the German crusaders but suffered defeat.

For a full month the Hungarians were encamped there awaiting the German crusaders, the Wallachian Duke as well as the Bohemian and Albanian army.

They are noted for their long resistance ( 1219 – 1290 ) against the German crusaders and Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades.

Upon uniting hostile Semigallian clans into a single state in early 13th century, Viestards formed an alliance with the German crusaders to defeat his enemies on the outside.

The Curonians were victorious and German sources claim that 30 crusaders were killed.

In the first two decades of the 13th century, the ( Western ) Latgalians allied with German ( mainly Saxon ) crusaders, and their lands were incorporated under unclear circumstances into Livonia.

At the beginning of the Hippodrome I saw the Kaiser's Fountain, an ugly octagonal building with a glass dome, built in 1895 by the German Emperor, and on my left, directly across from it, the tomb of Sultan Ahmet, who constructed the Blue Mosque, more properly known by his name.

This molecular state is known as a zwitterion, from the German Zwitter meaning hermaphrodite or hybrid.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany | German artist known for his works of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, visual arts, and science.

The oldest known document using the German word Alphorn is a page from a 1527 account book from the former Cistercian abbey St. Urban near Pfaffnau mentioning the payment of two Batzen for an itinerant alphorn player from the Valais.

It was the largest of the German concentration camps, consisting of Auschwitz I ( the Stammlager or base camp ); Auschwitz II – Birkenau ( the Vernichtungslager or extermination camp ); Auschwitz III – Monowitz, also known as Buna – Monowitz ( a labor camp ); and 45 satellite camps.

The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.

Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church and the Amish, Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites.

As a borderland between German and Slavic cultures, the country was known as a march.

* 1918 – World War I: German fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, known as " The Red Baron ", is shot down and killed over Vaux-sur-Somme in France.

Ludwig Ross, the German archaeologist appointed Curator of the Antiquities of Athens at the time of the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece, by his explorations in the Greek islands from 1835 onwards, called attention to certain early intaglios, since known as Inselsteine ; but it was not until 1878 that C. T. Newton demonstrated these to be no strayed Phoenician products.

It was part of the ' Big Push ' ( later known as the Battle of the Somme ) that was intended to force the German Army into a retreat from the Western Front, a line they had held since late 1914.

Anthony ( Dresden, 27 December 1755 – Dresden, 6 June 1836 ), also known by his German name Anton ( full name: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar ), was a King of Saxony ( 1827 – 1836 ) from the House of Wettin.

German brass making crucibles are known from Dortmund dating to the 10th century AD and from Soest and Schwerte in Westphalia dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus ' account, as they are open-topped, although ceramic discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc evaporation, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process.

Eventually it was discovered that metallic zinc could be alloyed with copper to make brass ; a process known as speltering and by 1657 the German chemist Johann Glauber had recognised that calamine was " nothing else but unmeltable zinc " and that zinc was a " half ripe metal.

The German holiday of Fastnacht, or Fasnet, as it is known in the Black Forest region, occurs in the time leading up to Lent.

The entire movement of German architectural modernism was known as Neues Bauen.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

Bletchley Park is mainly remembered for breaking messages enciphered on the German Enigma cypher machine, but its greatest cryptographic achievement may have been the breaking of the German on-line teleprinter Lorenz cipher ( known at GC & CS as Tunny ).

The style known now as bock was a dark, malty, lightly hopped ale first brewed in the 14th century by German brewers in the Hanseatic town of Einbeck.

In British, Australian and New Zealand English, along with Dutch and Austrian German, a utility knife frequently used in the construction industry is known as a Stanley knife.