Dürer has never fallen from critical favour, and there have been revivals of interest in his works Germany in the Dürer Renaissance of about 1570 to 1630, in the early nineteenth century, and in German nationalism from 1870 to 1945.

Conservative thought developed alongside nationalism in Germany, culminating in Germany's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War, the creation of the unified German Empire in 1871, and the simultaneous rise of Otto von Bismarck on the European political stage.

German conservatives were the first to embrace nationalism, which was previously associated with liberalism and the Revolution in France.

These November Criminals, or those who seemed to benefit from the newly formed Weimar Republic, were seen to have " stabbed them in the back " on the home front, by either criticizing German nationalism, instigating unrest and strikes in the critical military industries or profiteering.

Under the guise of idealism giving way to realism, German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck's authoritarian Realpolitik.

Fichte also wrote works of political philosophy and is considered one of the fathers of German nationalism.

This legitimized the promotion of German language and culture and helped shape the development of German nationalism.

Prussia tried to remain neutral while imposing tight controls on dissent, but with German nationalism sharply on the rise, the small nation blundered by going to war with Napoleon in 1806.

German nationalism united the German states, with the exception of Austria, against Napoleon III.

He talked passionately on this subject, which showed his fierce German nationalism.

Bloch wrote some 500 reviews of German books and articles, While promoting the importance of German historiography and admiring its scholarly rigor, he repeatedly criticized its nationalism and methodological limitations.

The German states saw France as the aggressor ; swept up by nationalism and patriotic zeal, they rallied to Prussia's side and provided troops.

The advent of national feeling and the movement to create an ethnically German Empire did lead directly to nationalism in 1871.

A number of previously neutral words used by the Nazis have later taken on negative connotations in German ( e. g. or ); while in many contexts is not one of them ( Frankreich, France ; Römisches Reich, Roman Empire ), it can imply German imperialism or strong nationalism if it is used to describe a political or governmental entity.

In the late 18th and early 19th century the idea of the existence of different national characters, or " Volksgeister ", of different ethnic groups was the moving force behind the German school of national romanticism and the beginning ideologies of ethnic nationalism.

The first German celebration on a fairly large scale was held in 1805 ( the 1150th anniversary of his death ), followed by a similar celebration in a number of towns in 1855 ; both of these were predominantly Catholic affairs, which emphasized the role of Boniface in German history as opposed to Protestant views on the role of Martin Luther, and especially the 1855 celebrations were an expression of German Catholic nationalism.

These dual loyalties were to become a main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of romantic nationalism and the nation-state won popular support.

Hinnells proposes that the early Music Department's " mixture of scholarship and cultural nationalism " in an area of music with largely unknown commercial prospects was driven by its sense of cultural philanthropy ( given the Press's academic background ) and a desire to promote " national music outside the German mainstream.

Berlin became the capital of the German Empire in 1871 and expanded rapidly in the following years.

The main German formations then advanced rapidly eastwards from Hanko and took Helsinki on 12 – 13 April.

The German doctrine was to use these to exploit breakthroughs in Blitzkrieg offensives, the French envisaged them being used to shift reserves rapidly in a defensive battle.

The use of the Pickelhaube spread rapidly to other German principalities.

The German Section of the Theosophical Society grew rapidly under Steiner's leadership as he lectured throughout much of Europe on his spiritual science.

They comment that Blavatsky's work " helped to foster antisemitism, which is perhaps one of the reasons her esoteric work was so rapidly accepted in German circles.

The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the fifteenth century, and Venice was quick to adopt it.

A strong German counterattack by tanks of the 116th Panzer Division and infantry from the 89th Infantry Division rapidly expelled the Americans from Schmidt, and they were unable to counterattack.

A rapidly growing German jet threat gave Lockheed an opportunity to develop an airframe around the most powerful jet engine that the allied forces had access to, the British Goblin.

It was soon considered Richardson's " masterpiece ", his greatest work, and was rapidly translated into French in part or in full, for instance by the abbé Antoine François Prévost, as well as into German.

On 14 May, German Army Group A burst through the Ardennes and advanced rapidly to the west toward Sedan, then turned northward to the English Channel, in what Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein called the " Sickle Cut " ( known as " Plan Yellow " or the Manstein Plan ), effectively flanking the Allied forces.

von Frentz wrote that " In Bydgoszcz, the event was probably caused by confusion among the rapidly retreating soldiers, a general breakdown in public order and panic among the Polish majority after two German air raids and the discovery of a small reconnaissance group of the German Army on the previous day.

The settlement rapidly took on a German flavor with the immigration of German Catholics from Cincinnati.

More British troops were pushed in to move beyond the woods but the British reserves were rapidly depleted and more German reinforcements were arriving.

It would seem that this faith gained ground rapidly because the name Moloch reminded them of the zoological " molche " or the German " Molch ," the terms for Newt.

Interest in the discipline rapidly expanded, and in 1922 August Thienemann ( a German zoologist ) and Einar Naumann ( a Swedish botanist ) co-founded the International Society of Limnology ( SIL, for originally Societas Internationalis Limnologiae ).

Hitler accepted this view, and on 24 May issued what became known as the Halt Order, preventing the German armour from rapidly capturing Calais and Dunkirk.

Hitler's refusal to allow his army to flee the rapidly advancing Allied pincer movement created an opportunity to trap an entire German Army Group in northern France.

In one particular example, the British Expeditionary Force set up strong defensive positions on the west bank of the Oise River just in front of the rapidly advancing German armour.

Two German tanks were damaged and driven off, but the QRR battalion's infantry companies were rapidly losing cohesion and were ordered to fall back to reorganise.

John Ross has analysed the long term correlation between the level of investment in the economy, rising from 5-7 % of GDP at the time of the Industrial Revolution in England, to 25 % of GDP in the post-war German ‘ economic miracle ’, to over 35 % of GDP in the world ’ s most rapidly growing contemporary economies of India and China.

Luther ’ s position on ecumenical councils shifted over time, but in 1520 Luther appealed to the German princes to attack the papal Church, if necessary with a council in Germany, open and free of the Papacy.

The masculine alp survives in German with a shifted meaning of " nightmare ".

As the German army seized Helsinki, the White Army shifted its military focus to Viipuri, taking it on 29 April 1918 with a major attack of 18, 500 men, against 15, 000 Red troopers.

By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German President, Paul von Hindenburg, was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not.

In 1942, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an immediate victory in the East, to the more long-term goal of securing the southern Soviet Union to conquer oil fields vital to a long-term German war effort.

In 1332, when King Philip VI of France was conversing with the German priest Brocardus for advice and guidance, their topic shifted to the assassin.

Later in May 1916, the German attacks shifted from the left bank ( Mort-Homme and Côte 304 ) and returned to the right bank, south of Fort Douaumont.

The Golf did not kill Beetle production, which continued in smaller numbers at other German factories until 19 January 1978, when mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico-markets where low operating cost was important.

After the eventual German defeat which ended World War II in the European theatre of war in 1945, Rybnik was once more integrated into Poland, the territory of which was now being shifted westward on Joseph Stalin's initiative.

As this battle dragged on, the purpose of the Somme campaign ( which was still in the planning stage ) shifted from striking a decisive blow against Germany to drawing German forces away from Verdun and relieving the Allied forces there.

The reasons for the German alliance have also shifted, making the marriage to Anne politically inconvenient.

The German aeronautics industry was again banned for many years after the war, and companies again failed or shifted production.

The League again abruptly shifted its political position, ending its anti-war stance, with the German invasion of the USSR in the summer of 1941.

Schlieffen had been willing to sacrifice some German territory in the short run to decisively destroy the French Army but Moltke refused to run the same risk and shifted some divisions from the right flank to the left flank in Alsace-Lorraine.

The most successful Soviet use of snipers during the second world war were during their defensive stages of the war ( 1941 – 1943 ), after which the advantage of defense shifted to the German side and German snipers became a real danger to the advancing Soviets.

However, the salient created by the German attack meant that First and Ninth Armies were cut off from 12th Army Group Headquarters, so they were shifted to the command of 21st Army Group for the duration of the battle meaning the British army group had an important controlling role.

Following the reaching of the Roer, Second Army shifted to the mission of pinning German forces opposing it.

The Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, and all German aviation development was shifted away from long-range civil aircraft types.

The Potsdam Agreement sanctioned administrative assignment of various eastern German territories to Poland and the Soviet Union shifted the borders of what had been Germany before the war westward.

While, initially, the beginning of World War I moved the Okhrana ’ s attentions from countering revolutionaries to countering German espionage, the focus quickly shifted back as it was revealed that the Germans were heavily funding Russian revolutionary groups in order to destabilize the nation.

As with the Anglo-Frisian languages and the North Germanic languages, Low German has not been influenced by the High German consonant shift except for old having shifted to / d /.