The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

* 1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher ( d. 1788 )

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

Albert Schweitzer, OM ( 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965 ) was a German and then French theologian, organist, philosopher, physician, and medical missionary.

** This German publication is both one of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037 ) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science.

* 1914 – Gerd Buchdahl, German philosopher ( d. 2001 )

Those such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon.

German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason.

In his Critique of Pure Reason, German philosopher Immanuel Kant stated that no successful argument for God's existence arises from reason alone.

* 1802 – Franz Aepinus, German philosopher ( b. 1724 )

* 1985 – Carl Schmitt, German philosopher and theorist ( b. 1888 )

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

He entered the Kriegsakademie ( also cited as " The German War School ," the " Military Academy in Berlin ," and the " Prussian Military Academy ") in Berlin in 1801 ( age 21 ), studied the writings of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief of staff of the new Prussian Army ( appointed 1809 ).

The German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz made a similar argument with his principle of sufficient reason in 1714.

The name affinitas was first used in the sense of chemical relation by German philosopher Albertus Magnus near the year 1250.

With the work of the latter philosopher, critical theory transcended its theoretic roots in German idealism, and progressed closer to American pragmatism.

It wasn ’ t until the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying memory.

Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theorist about theatre.

* 1694 – Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and writer ( d. 1768 )

also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista.

* 1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( d. 1973 )

* 1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher ( d. 1665 )

* 1865 – Max Nettlau, German anarchist and historian ( d. 1944 )

* 1976 – Max Ernst, German artist ( b. 1891 )

* 1857 – Max Wagenknecht, German composer ( d. 1922 )

* 1891 – Max Ernst, German painter ( d. 1976 )

* 1864 – Max Weber, German economist and sociologist ( d. 1920 )

* 1960 – Max von Laue, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1879 )

In 1865, the German painter, author and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, about two trouble-making boys, which had a direct influence on the American comic strip.

Max and Moritz was a series of severely moralistic tales in the vein of German children's stories such as Struwwelpeter (" Shockheaded Peter "); in one, the boys, after perpetrating some mischief, are tossed into a sack of grain, run through a mill and consumed by a flock of geese.

Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897.

In 1913 the German chemist Max Bodenstein first put forth the idea of chemical chain reactions.

* 1823 – Friedrich Max Müller, German orientalist ( d. 1900 )

* 1882 – Max Born, German physicist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1970 )

The German physicist Ernst Ruska and the electrical engineer Max Knoll constructed the prototype electron microscope in 1931, capable of four-hundred-power magnification ; the apparatus was a practical application of the principles of electron microscopy.

* 1882 – Max Hainle, German swimmer ( d. 1961 )

German sociologist Max Weber mentioned Scottish Presbyterianism in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ), and many scholars in recent decades argued that Calvinism's " this worldly asceticism " was integral to Scotland's rapid economic modernization.

The term was originally coined by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling ( 1775 – 1854 ) to depict early stages of monotheism, however Max Müller ( 1823 – 1900 ), a German philologist and orientalist, brought the term into common usage.

Portrait by Friedrich Engels. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856 ), better known as Max Stirner ( the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, in German ' Stirn '), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism.

Furthermore, strongly influenced by Max Stirner and Benjamin Tucker, the German and American theorists of individualist anarchism, they demanded the total liberation of the human personality from the fetters of organized society.

An influential form of individualist anarchism, called " egoism ," or egoist anarchism, was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, the German Max Stirner.

Goebbels had four siblings: Hans ( 1893 – 1947 ), Konrad ( 1895 – 1949 ), Elisabeth ( 1901 – 1915 ) and Maria ( 1910 – 1949 ; married to the German filmmaker Max W. Kimmich ).

* 1973 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( b. 1895 )

* 1838 – Max Bruch, German composer ( d. 1920 )