* 1864 – Max Weber, German economist and sociologist ( d. 1920 )

German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies distinguished between two types of human association: Gemeinschaft ( usually translated as " community ") and Gesellschaft (" society " or " association ").

* 1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( d. 1973 )

* German sociologist and philosopher, Jürgen Habermas ( born 1929 )

German sociologist Max Weber mentioned Scottish Presbyterianism in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ), and many scholars in recent decades argued that Calvinism's " this worldly asceticism " was integral to Scotland's rapid economic modernization.

Herbert Marcuse (; July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979 ) was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.

* 1929 – Jürgen Habermas, German sociologist and philosopher

* 1897 – Norbert Elias, German sociologist ( d. 1990 )

* 1973 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( b. 1895 )

* 1855 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist ( d. 1936 )

* 1863 – Werner Sombart, German sociologist ( d. 1941 )

Karl Heinrich Marx ( 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883 ) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

* 1858 – Georg Simmel, German sociologist and philosopher ( d. 1918 )

Maximilian Karl Emil " Max " Weber (; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920 ) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself.

* 2000 – Alphons Silbermann, German Jewish sociologist, musicologist, entrepreneur and publicist ( b. 1909 )

* 1903 – Theodor Adorno, German philosopher and sociologist ( d. 1969 )

German philosopher Max Weber saw theodicy as a social problem, based on the human need to explain puzzling aspects of the world ; sociologist Peter L. Berger argued that religion arose out of a need for social order, and theodicy developed to sustain it.

Theodor W. Adorno (; ; born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund ; September 11, 1903 – August 6, 1969 ) was a German sociologist, philosopher and musicologist known for his critical theory of society.

** Georg Simmel, German sociologist and philosopher ( b. 1858 )

* August 6 – Theodor W. Adorno, German sociologist and philosopher ( b. 1903 )

* February 14 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( d. 1973 )

* April 21 – Max Weber, German sociologist ( d. 1920 )

* July 26 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist ( d. 1936 )

Erich Seligmann Fromm ( March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980 ) was a German social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist.

* 1660 – Johann Kuhnau, German composer, organist and harpsichordist ( d. 1722 )

* 1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher ( d. 1788 )

* 1648 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer ( d. 1694 )

As a music scholar and organist, he studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the Organ reform movement ( Orgelbewegung ).

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany | German artist known for his works of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, visual arts, and science.

* 1761 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German scholar ( b. 1691 )

* 1697 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, German composer and organist ( d. 1778 )

Alcott also wrote a series patterned after the work of German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe which were eventually published in the Transcendentalists ' journal, The Dial.

* 1736 – Johann Christoph Kellner, German organist and composer ( d. 1803 )

* 1647 – Johann Heinrich Acker, German writer ( d. 1719 )

* 1744 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer ( d. 1803 )

* 1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet ( d. 1803 )

* 1749 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer and scientist ( d. 1832 )

* 1683 – Johann David Heinichen, German composer and theorist ( d. 1729 )

* 1637 – Johann Gerhard, German church leader and theologian ( b. 1582 )

* 1719 – Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German mineralogist and geologist ( d. 1767 )

* 1825 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( b. 1765 )

* 1666 – Johann Heinrich Buttstett, German organist and composer ( d. 1727 )

Anthony ( Dresden, 27 December 1755 – Dresden, 6 June 1836 ), also known by his German name Anton ( full name: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar ), was a King of Saxony ( 1827 – 1836 ) from the House of Wettin.

Eventually it was discovered that metallic zinc could be alloyed with copper to make brass ; a process known as speltering and by 1657 the German chemist Johann Glauber had recognised that calamine was " nothing else but unmeltable zinc " and that zinc was a " half ripe metal.

* Johann Sebastian Bach, the German composer

Most of the brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas Uranometria ( named after Urania, the Greek Muse of Astronomy, along with Uranus, the Greek god of the sky and heavens ).

Scholars of ballads are often divided into two camps, the ‘ communalists ’ who, following the line established by the German scholar Johann Gottfried Herder ( 1744 – 1803 ) and the Brothers Grimm, argue that ballads arose by a combined communal effort and did not have a single author, and ‘ individualists ’, following the thinking of English collector Cecil Sharp, who assert that there was a single original author.

" The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: " With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly.