Her practice of accompanying Germanicus on campaigns was considered inappropriate, and her tendency to take command in these situations was viewed with suspicion as subversively masculine.

After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.

On Tiberius ' request, Germanicus was granted proconsular power and assumed command in the prime military zone of Germania, where he suppressed the mutiny there and led the formerly restless legions on campaigns against Germanic tribes from 14 to 16 AD.

Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a new command.

She was born on Lesbos Island, one of the many Greek islands, during her parents ' grand tour of the eastern Mediterranean, leading Germanicus to his command base in the imperial province of Syria for the maius imperium given to him by Tiberius over the territory east of the Adriatic Sea.

* 10 – 13, Military command of Tiberius in Germania and interventions in the valley of the Lippe, replaced by Germanicus, Construction of Limes Germanicus begins.

At the end of his tenure in office, he was appointed imperial legate of Germania Superior, under the overall command of Germanicus, and was the officer in charge of the four upper Rhine legions which did not mutiny upon the death of the emperor Augustus.

When the Roman army under the command of Publius Quinctilius Varus suffered their disastrous defeat at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, they remained uncommemorated until Germanicus and his troops located the battlefield a few years later and made a funeral mound for their remains.

Agrippina and Germanicus were devoted to each other.

The six children who survived to adulthood were the sons: Nero Caesar, Drusus Caesar and Caligula born as Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus and the daughters Julia Agrippina or Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla.

Her remaining children were raised between her, Livia Drusilla and Germanicus ’ mother Antonia Minor.

Although little information survives of the battles fought, enough early victories were apparently achieved for Domitian to be back in Rome by the end of 83, where he celebrated an elaborate triumph and conferred upon himself the title of Germanicus.

At his funeral, there were no procession statues of Germanicus.

In the BBC television production of Graves ' novel, Piso and his wife, Plancina, were indeed at the root of the plot to poison Germanicus, with tacit consent from Tiberius ' mother, Livia, working through a local poisoner named Martina.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

The Bructeri, Tubanti, and Usipeti were roused by the attack and ambushed Germanicus on the way to the winter-quarters, but were defeated with heavy losses.

Gibbon proposed a period of moderation under Augustus and his successors and argued that generals bent on expansion ( e. g. Germanicus, Agricola and Corbulo ) were checked and recalled by the Emperors during their victories favouring consolidation ahead of further expansion.

In AD 6, the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, engaged in the so-called Great Illyrian Revolt, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years.

The Agri Decumates and much of the Limes Germanicus in Germania Superior were officially abandoned during his reign, with the Romans withdrawing to the Rhine and Danube rivers.

Meanwhile, his generals defeated the Franks and these operations were directed to clearing Gaul of Germanic invaders ( Franks, and Burgundians ), allowing Probus to adopt the titles of Gothicus Maximus and Germanicus Maximus.

Their children were Germanicus and Claudius, a daughter Livilla ( Little Livia ), and at least two others who did not survive infancy.

Three Emperors were direct descendants of Drusus, Claudius ( his son ), Caligula ( Germanicus ' son, Drusus ' grandson ), and Nero ( Germanicus ' grandson, Drusus ' great-grandson ).

Antonia's children were Germanicus, Livilla, and Claudius.

Latin versions were made by none other than Cicero ( mostly extant ), Ovid ( only two short fragments remain ), the member of the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty Germanicus ( extant, with scholia ), and the less-famous Avienus ( extant ).

Pollini reasons that the subsequent career delay of Ahenobarbus is likely due to his documented unpleasant character, and points out that the careers of other members of the family were also affected by their display of undesirable traits, notably Augustus ' youngest grandson, Agrippa Postumus, and Germanicus ' brother, the later emperor, Claudius.

This loss loomed large in the Roman psyche and revenge for this defeat, as well as the neutralization of the threat of Arminius, were the impetus for Germanicus ' campaign.

Two emperors, Claudius ( Germanicus ) and Caracalla, were born in Lugdunum.

Agrippa, Drusus, Tiberius, and Germanicus ( born himself in Lugdunum ) were among the governor generals who served in Lugdunum.

During the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius and Claudius, and particularly when Drusus and Germanicus were active in Gaul, Augusta Treverorum rose to considerable importance as a base and supply centre for campaigns in Germany.

After the death of her father, Germanicus, she and her siblings were brought back to Rome by their mother, and raised with the help of their paternal grandmother, Antonia Minor.

One such example where the nickname fully replaced the individual's name in usage was the Emperor Caligula, where that name was used in place of, and not along with, his full name, which was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus.

* Vici. org Interactive map of the full Limes Germanicus

Agrippina landing at Brundisium with the ashes of Germanicus, ( 1768, Benjamin West, oil on canvas ). In art, Agrippina has served as a symbol of marital devotion and fidelity.

When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19 AD, his wife Agrippina the Elder returned to Rome with her six children where she became entangled in an increasingly bitter feud with Tiberius.

Benjamin West, Agrippina landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus, Oil on canvas, c. 1768.

Germanicus died at Syria in 19 AD and, on his deathbed, accused the governor of Syria, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, of murdering him at Tiberius ’ s orders.

* A Roman army of 50, 000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a great victory at Idistaviso, defeating the German war chief Arminius and recovering the lost eagles of Varus ' legions.

German tribes destroy Roman forts and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.

Two major commissions at this period resulted in Poussin's early masterwork, the Barberini Death of Germanicus ( 1628 ), partly inspired by the reliefs of the Meleager sarcophagus, and the commission for St. Peter's that amounted to a public debut, the Martyrdom of St. Erasmus ( 1629, Vatican Pinacoteca ), indebted to designs on the same subject by the contemporary Baroque painter, Pietro da Cortona.

In addition, the place name Idisiaviso ( meaning " plain of the Idisi ") where forces commanded by Arminius fought those commanded by Germanicus at the Battle of the Weser River in 16 CE.

The historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio depict an overweening, even domineering dowager, ready to interfere in Tiberius ’ decisions, the most notable instances being the case of Urgulania ( grandmother of Claudius's first wife Plautia Urgulanilla ), a woman who correctly assumed that her friendship with the empress placed her above the law, and Munatia Plancina, suspected of murdering Germanicus and saved at Livia's entreaty.

The Romans recoiled at first but then Germanicus initiated destructive campaigns against those Germans whom the Romans blamed for their defeat.

After the mutinies of the German legions in 14, Germanicus decided, at the urging of his men, to march into Germany to restore their lost honor.

Inflicting minor casualties on the Romans, Arminius seemed to be gaining the upper hand, but in 16 Germanicus defeated Arminius at Idistaviso and in 18 at the Battle of the Angrivarian Walls.

It was situated at the Roman Empire's northern border, the Limes Germanicus.

In the first years of the 1st century, Tiberius, his brother Drusus, and Germanicus conducted a long campaign in Germania, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, in an attempt at a further major expansion of the Empire's frontiers, and a shortening of its frontier line.

Germanicus returned to Cologne with envoys from the Senate, arriving at night, which was misinterpreted by the men as signifying the agreement was off.

In 18 AD, Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Augustus, stopped over at Nicopolis on his way to Syria.

The Germanic tribes generally avoided open large-scale combat but by repeated Roman incursions deep into Germanic territory, Germanicus was able to force Arminius, at the head of a large but fractious coalition, into response.

* Germanicus at De Imperatoribus Romanis, includes sourced information on battle

Idistaviso is the location on the Weser river where forces commanded by Arminius fought those commanded by Germanicus at the Battle of the Weser River in 16 CE, attested in chapter 16 of Tacitus ' Annales II.