* Gestalt psychology

Cognitive theories grew out of Gestalt psychology.

He derived the phrase spontaneous order from Gestalt psychology, and it was adopted by the classical liberal economist Frederick Hayek, although the concept can be traced back to at least Adam Smith.

It had its foundations in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the work of Jean Piaget, who provided a theory of stages / phases that describe children's cognitive development.

* Reification in Gestalt psychology, where an object is perceived as having more spatial information than is actually present in the original stimulus

* Law of Closure, a principle in Gestalt psychology

Allen's work takes a psychological perspective that combines evolutionary theories with Gestalt psychology.

Gestalt psychology or gestaltism

A major aspect of Gestalt psychology is that it implies that the mind understands external stimuli as whole rather than the sum of their parts.

Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, which is only peripherally linked to gestalt psychology.

Gestalt psychology also has applications in computer vision for trying to make computers " see " the same things as humans do.

* Gestalt therapy – often mistaken for gestalt psychology

* Gestalt psychology on Encyclopædia Britannica

simple: Gestalt psychology

Today, Rank can be seen as one of the great pioneers in the fields of humanistic psychology, existential psychotherapy, Gestalt therapy and transpersonal psychology.

Gestalt graphology was a system of handwriting analysis developed circa 1915 in Germany and was related theoretically to Gestalt psychology.

Thorndike influenced many schools of psychology as Gestalt psychologists, psychologists studying the conditioned reflex, and behavioral psychologists all studied Thorndike ’ s research as a starting point.

His approach to psychotherapy is related but not identical to Gestalt psychology, and it is different from Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy.

Within psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, Reich's Character Analysis contributed to the development of what is now known as ego psychology, gave rise to body psychotherapy, and helped to shape the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls ( 1893 – 1970 ), the bioenergetic analysis of Reich's student, Alexander Lowen ( 1910 – 2008 ), and the primal therapy of Arthur Janov ( b. 1924 ).

* Gestalt psychology

Perls had led numerous Gestalt therapy seminars at Esalen.

In his " Habilitationsschrift " über die ursprungliche Gestalt des Gedichts von der Nibelungen Noth ( 1816 ), and in his review of Hagen's Nibelungen and Benecke's Bonerius, contributed in 1817 to the Jenaische Literaturzeitung he had already laid down the rules of textual criticism and elucidated the phonetic and metrical principle of Middle High German in a manner which marked a distinct advance in that branch of investigation.

They collaborated on the founding of a new holistic attitude toward psychology called Gestalt theory ( from the German word for “ whole "), aspects of which are indebted to the earlier work of Stumpf ( Köhler ’ s teacher ) and Christian von Ehrenfels ( whose lectures at the University of Prague Wertheimer had attended ).

In “ Gestalt Psychology ”, Köhler describes advancements made in physiological research and the tools they had created to measure covert behaviours.

Perls assisted Goldstein at Frankfurt University where he met his wife Lore ( Laura ) Posner, who had earned a doctorate in Gestalt Psychology.

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology.

In 1853 his Adel und Rittershaft was published in England, and in 1857 the Geschichte und heutige Gestalt der Ämter in England, a pamphlet primarily written to combat the Prussian abuses of government, but which the author also claimed had not been without its effect in modifying certain views that had until then ruled in England itself.

The phenomenon had its beginnings with Gestalt Psychology, in the early part of the 19th century, during the search for an alternative to associationism and the associationistic view on learning.

At Frankfurt University Lore Posner had earned a doctorate in Gestalt Psychology.

By 1952, with the help of Paul Goodman, they had established The New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy ( Fadiman & Frager, 2002 ).

Lewin had originally been involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions in research and undertaking work with psychologists of the Gestalt school of psychology, including Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler.

The Würzburg School went on to influence many Gestalt psychologists, including Wertheimer.

" The I and thou in the Here and Now ", was a semi-humorous short-hand mantra for Gestalt therapy referring to the substantial influence of the work of Martin Buber on Perls and Gestalt.

Others acknowledge Rogers ' broad influence on approach, while naming a humanistic or humanistic-existentialist school group ; there is large debate over what constitute major schools and cross-influences with more tangential candidates such as feminist, Gestalt, British school, self psychology, interpersonal, family systems, integrative, systemic and communicative, with several historical influences seeding them such as object-relations.

Two articles that discuss Goldstein's influence on and contribution to Gestalt therapy:

James J. Gibson was a Gestalt Psychologist who focused on vision and what he termed ecological perception.

The New York writer Paul Goodman, who was co-founder with Fritz Perls of the Gestalt method of psychotherapy, one of the most popular in the world today, and one that makes Otto Rank's " here-and-now " central to its approach, described Rank ’ s post-Freudian ideas on art and creativity as “ beyond praise ” in Gestalt Therapy ( Perls, Goodman and Hefferline, 1951, p. 395 ).

In 1969 Perls left Esalen and started a Gestalt community at Lake Cowichan on Vancouver Island, Canada.

His work on muscular armour – the physical rigidity of the body reflective of the personality – shaped innovations such as body psychotherapy, Fritz Perls's Gestalt therapy, Alexander Lowen's bioenergetic analysis, and Arthur Janov's primal therapy.

Gestalt theory was also influential on phenomenology.

A. Richards he became interested in Psychology, Gestalt psychology, and Psychoanalysis, and went on to read psychology under professor Bartlett.

Among his many publications, he has revised an early book on Gestalt therapy and published two new ones.

* Benjafield, J. G. " Revisiting Wittgenstein on Köhler and Gestalt psychology ," Journal of Historical Behavior, vol.

* Website on Gestalt psychology with biographies of Wertheimer et al.

Historically, the simplicity principle is an information-theoretical translation of the Gestalt law of Prägnanz, which was based on the natural tendency of physical systems to settle into stable minimum-energy states.

Other approaches to humanistic counseling and therapy include Gestalt therapy, which puts a focus on the here and now, especially as an opportunity to look past any preconceived notions and focus on how the present is affected by the past.

* Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy, a method of psychotherapy based on Gestalt psychology

* Gestalt therapy, a form of psychotherapy built on the experiential ideal of " here and now " and relationships with others and the world

In the language of the time, Tolman was an " S-S " ( stimulus-stimulus ), non-reinforcement theorist: he drew on Gestalt psychology to argue that animals could learn the connections between stimuli and did not need any explicit biologically significant event to make learning occur.

Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy is a method of psychotherapy based strictly on Gestalt psychology.

In 1977 he earned his doctorate in Darmstadt with a thesis on Die Gestalttheorie als wissenschaftliche Grundlage psychotherapeutischer Praxis und ihre Beziehung zu psychotherapeutischen Ansaetzen der Gegenwart (" The Gestalt theory as a scientific base for psychotherapy practice and its relation to contemporary approaches in psychotherapy ").

Gestalt therapy focuses on process ( what is actually happening ) as well as on content ( what is being talked about ).