It then sailed to Gibraltar, arriving on 18 October to the cheers of the garrison: Saumarez wrote that " We can never do justice to the warmth of their applause, and the praises they all bestowed on our squadron ".

While the rest of Europe was cooling, the area around Gibraltar back then resembled a European Serengeti.

* 1711-The British government, then in the hands of the Tories, covertly ordered the British Gibraltar governor, Thomas Stanwix, to expel any foreign ( not British ) troops ( to foster Great Britain's sole right to Gibraltar in the negotiations running up between Britain and France ).

* 1806-Gibraltar was made a Catholic Apostolic Vicariate ( until then Gibraltar belonged to the See of Cadiz ).

Immigration from Spain and intermarriage with Spaniards from the surrounding Spanish towns was a constant feature of Gibraltar's history until the then Spanish dictator, General Francisco Franco, closed the border with Gibraltar in 1969, cutting off many Gibraltarians from their relatives on the Spanish side of the frontier.

Others moved to Gibraltar on a temporary assignment and then married with local women.

Gibraltar was a landing point of the long-range submarine cable that from Porthcurno, in the United Kingdom ran to Lisbon, Gibraltar, Malta, Alexandria, Suez, Aden, Bombay, over land to the east coast of India, then on to Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Batavia ( current Jakarta ), to finally reach Darwin, Australia.

The name Gibtelecom begun to be used in July 2002, and as of 1 October 2003 this name was formally adopted by the company ( which up until then was still Gibraltar Nynex Communications ).

In 2000, the Gibraltar Regulatory Authority issued Ladbrokes, who then operated Gibraltar's biggest call centre, with a licence to establish their own internet services.

He commanded the battalion at Constantinople ( a sensitive posting in the runup to the Chanak Crisis ), then Gibraltar from October 1922, then in London from April 1923 until January 1926, when he was released from that role to attend Staff College, Camberley.

He was then awarded the Board of Trade Silver Medal in May 1886 for rescuing the crew of a capsized steamer near Gibraltar when on HMS Monarch as a gunnery lieutenant.

This pressure gradient pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin ; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels east, then sinks in the region of the Levant and circulates westward, to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar.

He then returned to Gibraltar to meet Commodore Edward Preble, in Constitution, who was bringing a new squadron for action against the Barbary pirates.

* Under the command of Punicus and then Cesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar.

The first leg of the expedition took the ship from Portsmouth ( December 1872 ) south to Lisbon ( January 1873 ) and then on to Gibraltar.

However, the Mediterranean route from Lisbon or Gibraltar to Egypt via Malta risked enemy attack, so the long West Africa route had to be employed ( over-water via Lisbon, Bathurst, Freetown, Lagos ), then by landplane to Khartoum on the Horseshoe Route.

From Gibraltar he moved to conquer the region of Algeciras and then followed the Roman road that led to Seville.

In 1739 his father, then stationed at Gibraltar, applied for the governorship of the Province of New York ; he won the post in 1741 with the assistance of the Duke of Newcastle ( who was his brother's brother-in-law ).

Howe was then able to focus on the last major task of 1782, the relief of Gibraltar.

The regiment was then stationed at Gibraltar, where he remained until he was made captain in the 75th in January 1778, at which point he then returned to Britain.

* 1656-In a letter to Councillor General Montagu ( afterwards Earl of Sandwich ), General-at-sea and one of the Protector's personal friends, Cromwell mentioned the necessity of securing a permanent base at the entry of the Mediterranean, preferably Gibraltar ( the first suggestion for the occupation of Gibraltar as a naval base had been made at an English Council of War held at sea on 20 October 1625 ).

Isidro Sepúlveda, William Jackson and George Hills explicitly refute it ( Sepúlveda points out that if such a fact had actually happened, it would have caused a big crisis in the Alliance supporting the Archduke Charles ; George Hills explains that the story was first accounted by the Marquis of San Felipe, who wrote his book " Comentarios de la guerra de España e historia de su rey Phelipe V el animoso " in 1725, more than twenty years after the fact ; the marquis was not an eye-witness and cannot be considered as a reliable source for the facts that took place in Gibraltar in 1704.

" This was not respected for long and Gibraltar has had for many years an established Jewish community, along with Muslims from North Africa.

* 1936 – 1939 – After the United Kingdom recognised the Franco's regime in 1938, Gibraltar had two Spanish Consulates, a Republican one and a Nationalistic one.

Queen Elizabeth II visited Gibraltar, which angered General Franco, who renewed its claim to sovereignty, which had not been actively pursued for over 150 years.

* 1955-At the United Nations, Spain, which had just been admitted to membership, initiated a claim to the territory, arguing that the principle of territorial integrity, not self-determination, applied in the case of the decolonization of Gibraltar, and that the United Kingdom should cede sovereignty of the Rock to Spain.

One group of Britons have had temporary residence in Gibraltar ( to work in the administration and the garrison ).

Moroccans have always had a significant presence in Gibraltar.

However, in its April 2009 progress report, the OECD listed Gibraltar in the list of jurisdictions which, although committed, had not " substantially implemented " yet the internationally agreed tax standard.

The company that laid the first part of the cable took the name of Falmouth, Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph Company and had been founded in 1869.

In the past, it was a popular cliché with travel writers that Gibraltar still had traditional red British-style telephone boxes when there were just a few original ones in service.

Subsequently, fibre links into the FLAG cable system ( which had a landing point in Estepona, about 50 km from Gibraltar ) were established and along with microwave links to Morocco giving Gibraltar a resilient communications infrastructure.

Carthage at the time was in such a poor state that its navy was unable to transport his army to Iberia ( Hispania ); instead, Hamilcar had to march it towards the Pillars of Hercules and transport it across the Strait of Gibraltar ( present-day Morocco / Spain ).

King Alfonso XI of Castile and León had threatened to attack Gibraltar, so in 1350 Ibn Battuta joined a group of Muslims leaving Tangier with the intention of defending the port.

The Carthaginians had closed the Strait of Gibraltar to all ships from other nations.

All these boats had to navigate the British-controlled Strait of Gibraltar where nine U-boats were sunk while attempting passage and 10 more had to break off their run due to damages.

By April 1944, the ministry's air Intelligence branch had succeeded in its intelligence efforts regarding " the beams, the Bruneval Raid, the Gibraltar barrage, radar, Window, heavy water, and the German nightfighters " ( R. V.

The Moslem wave, already a thousand miles from its starting point in Gibraltar — to say nothing about its base in al-Qayrawan — had already spent itself and reached a natural limit.

He reported, some years later, that he was watching a fire one evening while contemplating one of the great military issues of the day — an assault on the fortress of Gibraltar, which had proved impregnable from both sea and land.

Unit 131 operatives had been recruited several years before, when the Israeli intelligence officer Avram Dar arrived in Cairo undercover as a British citizen of Gibraltar called John Darling.

In fact, Canaris had established another two links with MI6 — one via Zurich, and the other via Spain and Gibraltar.