Given that this is usually a negative sign, there is room for a law of diminishing marginal utility in cardinal utility theory.

Given that the cost of replacing an executive can run over 100 % of his or her annual salary, any investment of time and energy in re-recruitment will likely pay for itself many times over if it helps a business retain just a handful of key players that would have otherwise left.

Given high fixed costs, the new price was below average total cost, resulting in a loss.

Given that there were 25, 000 people working on Shuttle operations, the payroll alone was the Shuttle's single biggest operating cost.

Given typical workloads, Cray felt that the small cost incurred by being required to break large sequential memory accesses into segments was a cost well worth paying.

Given the low cost of the materials and manufacturing methods, inexpensive magnets ( or non-magnetized ferromagnetic cores, for use in electronic components such as radio antennas, for example ) of various shapes can be easily mass-produced.

Given the discriminator PARTY TYPE ( which could be individual, partnership, C Corporation, Sub Chapter S Association, Association, Governmental Unit, Quasi-governmental agency ) the two subtype entities are PERSON, which contains individual-specific information such as first and last name and date of birth, and ORGANIZATION, which would contain such attributes as the legal name, and organizational hierarchies such as cost centers.

: Given two sets, A and T, of equal size, together with a weight function C: A × T → R. Find a bijection f: A → T such that the cost function:

Given the ferocity of the Russian defense, everyone was aware that such a move would cost the lives of thousands of Guardsmen, but it was thought that the presence of this prestigious unit would bolster the morale of the entire army for a final decisive push.

Given the guaranteed low prices during contract days and the continued high cost of logging in Southeast Alaska today, one analysis concludes that, since 1980, the forest service has lost over a billion dollars in Tongass timber sales.

Given the unexpected cost overruns, John By was recalled to London and questioned by a parliamentary committee before being cleared of any wrongdoing.

Given the finite supply of natural resources at any specific cost and location, agriculture that is inefficient or damaging to needed resources may eventually exhaust the available resources or the ability to afford and acquire them.

Given the cost benefits and personal enjoyment of boat building, do-it-yourself ′ Kit Boats ′ were also introduced using plywood material.

Given its production function and cost structure, it knows its average total costs at that output level will be represented as point A.

Given new life, the " Snodgrass Muff " cost the Giants as Speaker and Larry Gardner each knocked in a run to overcome the 1-run deficit.

Given the high cost, most individuals do not have enough savings on hand to pay the entire amount outright.

Given the facts that solar thermal power is reliable, can deliver peak load and does not cause pollution, a price of US $ 0. 10 per kWh starts to become competitive, although a price of US $ 0. 06 has been claimed With some operational cost a simple target is 1 dollar ( or lower ) investment for 1 kWh production in a year.

Given that the cost of egg removal concurrent with parasitism is unrecoverable, the best defense for hosts is avoiding parasitism in the first place.

Given the large difference in cost between all other proton pump inhibitors and that of omeprazole, many physicians recommend a trial of over-the-counter products before beginning more extensive therapies and testing.

Given the fact that such a large proportion of working poor households are headed by a single mother, one clear way to reduce working poverty would be to make sure that children's fathers share the cost of child rearing.

Given a good model, it is best to make as many observations as practicable, depending of the expected reliability of prior knowledge, cost of observations, time and resources available, and accuracy required.

Given enough damage to the frame, there would be no choice but to replace the frame, especially if the frame is made of an aluminum alloy ( titanium and steel can potentially be repaired, but usually at great cost to the consumer ).

Given its proximity to the U. S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet home base at Naval Station Norfolk, many nearby shipyards and critical port facilities, the HRBT design incorporates a tunnel instead of a more cost effective drawbridge.

Given that licensed cartridges cost several times more than pirated ones, Steepler soon found that it was unable to sell them profitably, resulting in the company's demise.

Given the high cost of construction and limited production, analysts do not expect LFA sales to be profitable.

Given that radio communication channels are allocated by agencies such as the Federal Communication Commission giving a prescribed ( maximum ) bandwidth, the advantage of QPSK over BPSK becomes evident: QPSK transmits twice the data rate in a given bandwidth compared to BPSK-at the same BER.

Given the demand and expense of hyperpulse communication, messages are frequently bundled into batches of hundreds, sent simultaneously.

Given the recency with which spoken language has emerged, it is very likely that human body language does include some more or less involuntary responses that have a similar origin to the communication we see in other animals.

Given out to all the members, it is a great tool of internal and external communication.

" Given their diverse backgrounds ," he continued, " there is disparity in the communication skills of the students.

Given the rise to dominance of Hebrew as a means of communication among Jewish communities in the Middle East, and the increasing prestige of English, as well as the economic importance of local vernaculars ( especially Turkish ), the situation appears grim.

Given the existing linguistic diversity of the PALOPs, Portuguese also serves the purpose of lingua franca allowing communication between fellow citizens of different ethno-linguistic backgrounds.

** Axiom 1: Given the high level of uncertainty present at the onset of the entry phase, as the amount of verbal communication between strangers increases, the level of uncertainty for each interactant in the relationship will decrease.

Given some encrypted data (" ciphertext "), the goal of the cryptanalyst is to gain as much information as possible about the original, unencrypted data (" plaintext ").

Given the conflicting information available, the true identity of his killer may well be lost to history.

" Given a memex, a scholar could create her own knowledge tools as connections within reams of information, share these tools, and use complexes of tools to create yet more sophisticated knowledge that could in turn be deployed toward this work.

Given this information, a timeline of roughly the years 15 – 98 CE can be established for his adult life.

Given that the probability p is known, past outcomes provide no information about future outcomes.

Given testable information, the maximum entropy procedure consists of seeking the probability distribution which maximizes information entropy, subject to the constraints of the information.

Given the chronological information of the Imennik, Tervel would have died in 715.

Given Weyoun's untrustworthy nature, it is unclear which information should be believed.

Given the preceding information, the knowledge gap hypothesis can be expressed using the following set of related propositions:

Given that manufacturers are regarded as authorities and that most sales do not happen on manufacturer Web sites, best-in-class manufacturers take their best content and enable other retailers or dealers to publish the information on their sites.

Given all this information, the probability of the observer having spotted a girl given that the observed student is wearing trousers can be computed by substituting these values in the formula:

The prime mechanism then appeared to be this: Given a space X carrying a vector bundle, that implied in the homotopy category a mapping from X to a classifying space BG, for the relevant linear group G. For the homotopy theory the relevant information is carried by compact subgroups such as the orthogonal groups and unitary groups of G. Once the cohomology H *( BG ) was calculated, once and for all, the contravariance property of cohomology meant that characteristic classes for the bundle would be defined in H *( X ) in the same dimensions.

Given that the Pauline epistles are generally dated to AD 50 to AD 60, they are the earliest surviving Christian texts that include information about Jesus.

Given only one share, a second share can be crafted to reveal any possible image ; therefore, individual shares reveal no information about the original image.

Given t-1 shares, no information whatsoever can be determined about the secret.

Given a counterfactual conditional, e. g., ' If there had been a circle on the blackboard then there would have been a triangle ', and the subsequent information ' in fact there was no triangle ', participants make the modus tollens inference ' there was no circle ' more often than they do from an indicative conditional ( Byrne and Tasso, 1999 ).

Given the counterfactual conditional and the subsequent information ' in fact there was a circle ', participants make the modus ponens inference as often as they do from an indicative conditional.

Given two random variables X and Y whose joint distribution is known, the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X averaging over information about Y.

Given the value of p, and no other information relevant to the question of whether the sun will rise tomorrow, the probability that the sun will rise tomorrow is p. But we are not " given the value of p ".

Given the example above, the two galaxies in question cannot have shared any sort of information ; they are not in " causal contact ".

Given this conflicting information, excluding oats appears to be the only risk-free practice for celiac disease sufferers of all ages.

Given Bernal's Marxist and pro-Soviet sympathies it is perhaps remarkable that there has never been any suggestion that he fed any information in that direction.