Given these connotations, dandyism can be seen as a political protestation against the rise of levelling egalitarian principles, often including nostalgic adherence to feudal or pre-industrial values, such as the ideals of " the perfect gentleman " or " the autonomous aristocrat ", though paradoxically, the dandy required an audience, as Susann Schmid observed in examining the " successfully marketed lives " of Oscar Wilde and Lord Byron, who exemplify the dandy's roles in the public sphere, both as writers and as personae providing sources of gossip and scandal.

Given a model of some atomic positions, these positions and their respective Debye-Waller factors ( or B-factors, accounting for the thermal motion of the atom ) can be refined to fit the observed diffraction data, ideally yielding a better set of phases.

Given the maximum observed frequency ( MOF ) for a mode on each day of the month at a given hour, the MUF is the highest frequency for which an ionospheric communications path is predicted on 50 % of the days of the month.

Given its great distance, the daytime " guest star " observed by the Chinese could only have been a supernova — a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed in on itself.

Given all this information, the probability of the observer having spotted a girl given that the observed student is wearing trousers can be computed by substituting these values in the formula:

Given a set of points in time, and data values observed for those points in time, values of and are chosen so that

Given a model selection problem in which we have to choose between two models, on the basis of observed data D, the plausibility of the two different models M < sub > 1 </ sub > and M < sub > 2 </ sub >, parametrised by model parameter vectors and is assessed by the Bayes factor K given by

Given the null hypothesis that the observed frequencies result from random sampling from a distribution with the given expected frequencies, the distribution of G is approximately a chi-squared distribution, with the same number of degrees of freedom as in the corresponding chi-squared test.

However, in his Travels With Charley, Steinbeck mentions wearing a naval officer's cap, ' Given me by a British torpedo boat captain, a very gentle gentleman and a murderer ,' which phrase suggests that Steinbeck may well have observed action at first hand.

Given some set of hidden variables and observed variables, the goal of approximate inference is to lower-bound the probability that a graphical model is in the configuration.

Given that hearing impairments can vary by frequency and that audiograms are plotted with a logarithmic scale, the idea of a percentage of hearing loss is somewhat arbitrary, but where decibels of loss are converted via a recognized legal formula, it is possible to calculate a standardized " percentage of hearing loss " which is suitable for legal purposes only.

Given this high percentage, it seeks to diversify and expand trade opportunities with non-EU countries.

Given that economic geoscientists had the lowest percentage of all Earth scientists surveyed, critic and author John Cook has claimed that " climate scepticism seems strongest among geologists closely linked to the mining and fossil fuel industries " and that this is due to the influence of their funding.

Given its adjacency to Quebec, which borders it to the east, Prescott and Russell has a large Franco-Ontarian population, and is ( by percentage ) the most francophone census division in Canada west of Quebec.

Given that breast cancer is a large killer of women and a very high percentage of young women use underarm deodorants, I think we should be carrying out properly funded, further investigations into parabens and where they are found in the body ," says Philip Harvey, an editor of the Journal of Applied Toxicology, which published the research.

Given its lack of representation in Congress and its insufficient percentage of the presidential vote, the party was forced to disband in 2007 in accordance with Guatemalan election law.

Given the formula, where x is the total area filled ( in percentage ), y is the current level and z is the number of lives remaining for every level completed, it is possible to calculate the highest score.

Given two secondary stations, the time difference ( TD ) between the primary and first secondary identifies one curve, and the time difference between the primary and second secondary identifies another curve, the intersections of which will determine a geographic point in relation to the position of the three stations.

Given the difference between their roles and emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Æsir and the Vanir reflect the types of interaction that were occurring between social classes ( or clans ) within Norse society at the time.

Given a circle A, find a circle B such that the area of the intersection of A and B is equal to the area of the symmetric difference of A and B ( the sum of the area of A − B and the area of B − A ).

Given the complex nature of human smuggling and trafficking operations, the difference between these two criminal operations is not always readily apparent.

Given this inherent distortion, it is not unusual for a television or video projector to truthfully claim a linear contrast ratio ( difference between darkest and brightest output levels ) of 1000: 1 or greater, equivalent to 10 bits of audio precision even though it may only accept signals with 8-bit precision and use an LCD panel that only represents 6 or 7 bits per channel.

Given the Chancellor of the University is one of two visitors and has the overall authority in difference of opinion between both visitors, it would seem the Board of the College has also some degree of subsidiarity to the University.

Given an ordered sequence of real numbers: the first difference is defined as

Given only benchmark scores it may be difficult to judge the difference overclocking makes to the overall performance of a computer.

Given this difference, it is necessary that logistic regression take the natural logarithm of the odds ( referred to as the logit or log-odds ) to create a continuous criterion.

Given that deviance is a measure of the difference between a given model and the saturated model, smaller values indicate better fit.

Given a function w on U × Y, with finite integral of its modulus for any input function u and initial state x ( 0 ) over any finite time t, called the " supply rate ", a system is said to be dissipative if there exist a continuous nonnegative function V ( x ), with x ( 0 ) = 0, called the storage function, such that for any input u and initial state x ( 0 ) the difference V ( x ( t )) − V ( x ( 0 )) does not exceed the integral of the supply over ( 0, t ) for any t ( dissipation inequality ).

Given the difference between this fossil and the ones found in 2012, Leakey has proposed that the fossil is not of a H. rudolfensis, but possibly, of a H. habilis.

Given a sufficiently large sample size, a statistical comparison will always show a significant difference unless the population effect size is exactly zero.

Given a Boolean algebra B, we turn B into a Boolean ring by using the symmetric difference as addition and the meet operation as multiplication.

Given that Renault ’ s 603 cc, 747 cc and 845 cc engines all shared the same cylinder stroke and were all of the same basic design, it is likely that there was very little difference between the manufacturing costs of the basic engine block between the three.

Given the large difference in cost between all other proton pump inhibitors and that of omeprazole, many physicians recommend a trial of over-the-counter products before beginning more extensive therapies and testing.

Given a single distribution, the minimum and the maximum occurring distances become indiscernible as the difference between the minimum and maximum value compared to the minimum value converges to 0:

Given the coefficient sequence for some M < J and all the difference sequences, k = M ,..., J-1, one computes recursively

Given their age difference, Hoffman considered his brothers more role models than playmates.

Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to DNA do so through the wider major groove.

Given the very close similarity between the R3's 603 cc and the R4's 747 cc engine blocks, even this difference probably exaggerated any difference in manufacturing costs.

Given a subset X of a manifold M and a subset Y of a manifold N, a function f: X → Y is said to be smooth if for all p in X there is a neighborhood of p and a smooth function g: U → N such that the restrictions agree ( note that g is an extension of f ).

Given a trigonometric series f ( x ) with S as its set of zeros, Cantor had discovered a procedure that produced another trigonometric series that had S ' as its set of zeros, where S ' is the set of limit points of S. If p ( 1 ) is the set of limit points of S, then he could construct a trigonometric series whose zeros are p ( 1 ).

Given Ω microstates at a particular energy, the probability of finding the system in a particular microstate is p = 1 / Ω.

Given two dual numbers p, and q, they determine the set of z such that the Galilean angle between the lines from z to p and q is constant.

Solomonoff's universal prior probability of any prefix p of a computable sequence x is the sum of the probabilities of all programs ( for a universal computer ) that compute something starting with p. Given some p and any computable but unknown probability distribution from which x is sampled, the universal prior and Bayes ' theorem can be used to predict the yet unseen parts of x in optimal fashion.

Given a codeword, there are roughly 2 < sup > n H ( p )</ sup > typical output sequences.

Given that the probability p is known, past outcomes provide no information about future outcomes.

Given a linear homogeneous recurrence relation with constant coefficients of order d, let p ( t ) be the characteristic polynomial ( also " auxiliary polynomial ")

Given an algebraically closed field A containing K, there is a unique splitting field L of p between K and A, generated by the roots of p. If K is a subfield of the complex numbers, the existence is automatic.

Given a set of n + 1 data points ( x < sub > i </ sub >, y < sub > i </ sub >) where no two x < sub > i </ sub > are the same, one is looking for a polynomial p of degree at most n with the property

# Given two points p < sub > 1 </ sub > and p < sub > 2 </ sub >, there is a unique fold that passes through both of them.

# Given two points p < sub > 1 </ sub > and p < sub > 2 </ sub >, there is a unique fold that places p < sub > 1 </ sub > onto p < sub > 2 </ sub >.

# Given a point p < sub > 1 </ sub > and a line l < sub > 1 </ sub >, there is a unique fold perpendicular to l < sub > 1 </ sub > that passes through point p < sub > 1 </ sub >.

# Given two points p < sub > 1 </ sub > and p < sub > 2 </ sub > and a line l < sub > 1 </ sub >, there is a fold that places p < sub > 1 </ sub > onto l < sub > 1 </ sub > and passes through p < sub > 2 </ sub >.