Given some encrypted data (" ciphertext "), the goal of the cryptanalyst is to gain as much information as possible about the original, unencrypted data (" plaintext ").

Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or cycling, though in many settings this may require some infrastructure modification, particularly to attract the less experienced and confident.

Given a set of integers, does some nonempty subset of them sum to 0?

Given is each element's name, atomic number, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and some notes related to the discovery.

Given the magnitude of the disaster, reconstruction and economic recovery will remain the primary focus of the Salvadoran Government for some time to come.

Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions.

Given good circumstances one might be able to discern the result of some human activity such as the changing of the Netherlands ' coast or the partial drying out of the Aral Sea, but even that would not be easy.

Given that the coiled texture is the natural state of some African Americans ' hair, or perceived as being more " African ", this simple style is now often seen as a sign of self-acceptance and an affirmation that the beauty norms of the ( eurocentric ) dominant culture are not absolute.

Given the state at some initial time ( t = 0 ), we can solve it to obtain the state at any subsequent time.

Given steady funding throughout, the R-7 developed with some speed.

Given the widespread expansion in the tenth revision, it is not possible to convert ICD-9 data sets directly into ICD-10 data sets, although some tools are available to help guide users.

He also made some good long-term signings like Gary Speed and Shay Given.

Given the same set of verifiable facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what one ought to do based on societal or individual norms, and one cannot adjudicate these using some independent standard of evaluation.

Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy.

Given a specific task to solve, and a class of functions, learning means using a set of observations to find which solves the task in some optimal sense.

Given a base for the topology, in order to prove convergence of a net it is necessary and sufficient to prove that there exists some point x, such that ( x < sub > α </ sub >) is eventually in all members of the base containing this putative limit.

Given this and other evidence, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero, although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine.

Given that the validity of conclusions drawn from a statistical analysis depend on the validity of any assumptions made, it is clearly important that these assumptions should be reviewed at some stage.

Given its stability, similarity and relative proximity to the Sun, Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI ), and it appears in some science fiction literature.

noted, " Given that the bandwidth for conducting crawls is neither infinite nor free, it is becoming essential to crawl the Web in not only a scalable, but efficient way, if some reasonable measure of quality or freshness is to be maintained.

Given a model of some atomic positions, these positions and their respective Debye-Waller factors ( or B-factors, accounting for the thermal motion of the atom ) can be refined to fit the observed diffraction data, ideally yielding a better set of phases.

Given the difference between their roles and emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Æsir and the Vanir reflect the types of interaction that were occurring between social classes ( or clans ) within Norse society at the time.

Given the lack of evidence of many Freudian hypotheses, some scientific researchers proposed the existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian ones.

* Given an infinite string where each character is chosen uniformly at random, any given finite string almost surely occurs as a substring at some position.

Given these connotations, dandyism can be seen as a political protestation against the rise of levelling egalitarian principles, often including nostalgic adherence to feudal or pre-industrial values, such as the ideals of " the perfect gentleman " or " the autonomous aristocrat ", though paradoxically, the dandy required an audience, as Susann Schmid observed in examining the " successfully marketed lives " of Oscar Wilde and Lord Byron, who exemplify the dandy's roles in the public sphere, both as writers and as personae providing sources of gossip and scandal.

Given its heavy dependence on imported energy, Japan has aimed to diversify its sources.

Given this reliance on literary sources, it is doubtful whether Nostradamus used any particular methods for entering a trance state, other than contemplation, meditation and incubation.

" Given, a certain population, with various needs and powers of production, in possession of certain lands and other sources of material: required, the mode of employing their labour which will maximize the utility of their produce.

Given the practical weight of suitable power sources, the accelerations given by ion thrusters are frequently less than one thousandth of standard gravity.

Given that Melampus had two sons, Abas and Mantius, different sources made Coeranus, father of Polyeidos, son or grandson of either of the two.

Given these contradictions it is impossible to perfectly reconcile the available sources.

Given Juwayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismaili libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources.

Given that NASA and USAF ( as well as government programs in other countries ) are the primary customers and sources of development capital, government regulatory requirements for oversight, parwork, quality, safety, and other documentation tend to inflate the operational costs of any such system.

Given the shortage of workers and consequent price rises the Ordinance of Labourers 1349 and the Statute of Labourers 1351 attempted to suppress sources of wage inflation by banning workers organisation, creating offences for any able-bodied person that did not work, and fixing wages at pre-plague levels.

Given the independence of the sources, satisfaction of the criterion makes it harder to maintain that it was an invention of the Church.

Given the model and realizations ( samples ) of the random vector, the task is to estimate both the mixing matrix and the sources.

Given that the same basic design appears in several primary sources, it seems likely that this is not a stylistic coincidence but a depiction of a design of whip in current use at the time the articles were made.

Given that the prominent Uranians were trained Classicists, I consider ludicrous the view, widely held, that ‘ Uranian ’ derives from the German apologias and legal appeals written by Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs in the 1860s, though his coinage Urning — employed to denote ‘ a female psyche in a male body ’ — does indeed derive from the same Classical sources, particularly the Symposium.

Given the almost complete elimination of 15th century music manuscripts in England, largely by Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1530s, it is not surprising that most of Morton's music survives in sources from the Continent, and if he was ever active as a musician in his native land, all trace is lost.

Given M intervals of the form c ± r ( which means ), the algorithm seeks to find an interval with M − f sources.

Given the English origins of this alternative, it has traditionally been the version used in the Church of England ( including Canterbury Cathedral ) until modern times, and is the version printed in traditional Church of England liturgical sources including the English Hymnal and New English Hymnal.

Given that the chelandia appear originally to have been oared horse-transports, this would imply differences in construction between the chelandion and the dromōn proper, terms which otherwise are often used indiscriminately in literary sources.

Given that many of these avant-garde artists were born or grew up in what is present day Belarus and Ukraine ( including Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandra Ekster, Vladimir Tatlin, Wassily Kandinsky, David Burliuk, Alexander Archipenko ), some sources also talk about Ukrainian avant-garde.

Given the limits of treaties or custom as sources of international law, Article 38 ( 1 ) may be looked upon as a directive to the Court to fill any gap in the law and prevent a non liquet by reference to the general principles.

Given the nature of the sources, the identification of the bishop of Hereford with the archbishop of Canterbury, while likely, must not be regarded as proven.