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Gluons and are
Gluons (; ) are elementary particles that act as the exchange particles ( or gauge bosons ) for the strong force between quarks, analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles.
Gluons, in turn, are thought to interact with quarks and gluons because all carry a type of charge called " color charge.
Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitutes their color charge.
Gluons have a combination of two color charges ( one of red, green or blue and one of antired, antigreen and antiblue ) in a superposition of states which are given by the Gell-Mann matrices.

are and spin-1
Quarks are massive spin-1 / 2 fermions which carry a color charge whose gauging is the content of QCD.
11: 225 ) describes a massive spin-1 field as an R ( the real numbers are the Lie algebra of U ( 1 )) Yang-Mills theory coupled to a real scalar field φ.
If let's say we have a theory with a fundamental conserved 4-current associated with a global symmetry, then we can't have emergent / composite massless spin-1 particles which are charged under that global symmetry.

are and bosons
The gluon is a member of the family of gauge bosons, which are elementary particles that mediate physical forces.
Since complex scalar fields admit two different kinds of annihilation operators, which are related by conjugation, such fields describe charged bosons.
The word ' force ' is sometimes replaced by ' interaction ' because the fundamental forces operate by exchanging what are now known to be gauge bosons.
The corresponding gauge bosons are the three W bosons of weak isospin from SU ( 2 ) (,, and ), and the B < sup > 0 </ sup > boson of weak hypercharge from U ( 1 ), respectively, all of which are massless.
According to the Standard Model, all elementary particles are either bosons or fermions ( depending on their spin ).
Particles associated with fundamental forces are bosons and they have integer spin.
The spin-statistics theorem holds that, in any reasonable relativistic quantum field theory, particles with integer spin are bosons, while particles with half-integer spin are fermions.
Fermions are usually associated with matter, whereas bosons are generally force carrier particles ; although in the current state of particle physics the distinction between the two concepts is unclear.
In a quantum field theory, there can be field configurations of bosons which are topologically twisted.
These are coherent states ( or solitons ) which behave like a particle, and they can be fermionic even if all the constituent particles are bosons.
This was discovered by Tony Skyrme in the early 1960s, so fermions made of bosons are named Skyrmions after him.
In QED there are two types of particles: electrons / positrons ( called fermions ) and photons ( called gauge bosons ).
Gravitons are postulated because of the great success of quantum field theory ( in particular, the Standard Model ) at modeling the behavior of all other known forces of nature as being mediated by elementary particles: electromagnetism by the photon, the strong interaction by the gluons, and the weak interaction by the W and Z bosons.
Neutral bosons ( photon, Z-boson, and neutral gluons ) are not shown but occupy the diagonal entries of the matrix in complex superpositions
The bosons are found by adding a partner to each of the 20 charged bosons ( 2 right-handed W bosons, 6 massive charged gluons and 12 X / Y type bosons ) and adding an extra heavy neutral Z-boson to make 5 neutral bosons in total.

are and which
The place is inhabited by several hundred warlike women who are anachronisms of the Twentieth Century -- stone age amazons who live in an all-female, matriarchal society which is self-sufficient ''.
Of greater importance, however, is the content of those programs, which have had and are having enormous consequences for the American people.
That is particularly true of sovereignty when it is applied to democratic societies, in which `` popular '' sovereignty is said to exist, and in federal nations, in which the jobs of government are split.
I have just asked these questions in the Pentagon, in the White House, in offices of key scientists across the country and aboard the submarines that prowl for months underwater, with neat rows of green launch tubes which contain Polaris missiles and which are affectionately known as `` Sherwood Forest ''.
Now let us imagine a wing of B-52's, on alert near their `` positive control ( or fail-safe ) points '', the spots on the map, many miles from Soviet territory, beyond which they are forbidden to fly without specific orders to proceed to their targets.
There are thousands of square miles of salt pan which are hideous.
They are huge areas which have been swept by winds for so many centuries that there is no soil left, but only deep bare ridges fifty or sixty yards apart with ravines between them thirty or forty feet deep and the only thing that moves is a scuttling layer of sand.
Others are confined to vast reservations, and not only does the Australian government justifiably not wish them to be viewed as exhibits in a zoo, but on their reservations they are extremely fugitive, shunning camps, coming together only for corroborees at which their strange culture comes to its highest pitch -- which is very low indeed.
The one apparent connection between the two is a score of buildings which somehow or other have survived and which naturally enough are called `` historical monuments ''.
On Fridays, the day when many Persians relax with poetry, talk, and a samovar, people do not, it is true, stream into Chehel Sotun -- a pavilion and garden built by Shah Abbas 2, in the seventeenth century -- but they do retire into hundreds of pavilions throughout the city and up the river valley, which are smaller, more humble copies of the former.
Those three other great activities of the Persians, the bath, the teahouse, and the zur khaneh ( the latter a kind of club in which a leader and a group of men in an octagonal pit move through a rite of calisthenics, dance, chanted poetry, and music ), do not take place in buildings to which entrance tickets are sold, but some of them occupy splendid examples of Persian domestic architecture: long, domed, chalk-white rooms with daises of turquoise tile, their end walls cut through to the orchards and the sky by open arches.
But more important, and the thing which the casual traveler and the blind sojourner often do not see, is that these places and activities are often the settings in which Persians exercise their extraordinary aesthetic sensibilities.
The line of an eyebrow, the color of the skin, a ghazal from Hafiz, the purity of spring water, the long afternoon among the boughs which crowd the upper story of a pavilion -- these things are noticed, judged, and valued.
At either end and in the center there are bays which contain nine greater alcoves as frescoed and capacious as church apses.
Here in an evening Persians enjoy many of the things which are important to them: poetry, water, the moon, a beautiful face.
Nostalgic Yankee readers of Erskine Caldwell are today informed by proud Georgians that Tobacco Road is buried beneath a four-lane super highway, over which travel each day suburbanite businessmen more concerned with the Dow-Jones average than with the cotton crop.

are and also
All the drivers knew about the plates and they also knew about the big floppy straw hat with shredded edges, the kind natives in travel ads wear when they are out joyfully chopping cane.
I think that we are here also talking of the kind of fear that a young boy has for a group of boys who are approaching at night along the streets of a large city.
By `` image '' is meant not only a visual presentation, but also remembered sensations of any of the five senses plus the feelings which are immediately conjoined therewith.
it is true that they are also extremely dull.
The networks for military communications are one of the best examples of networks which not only must be changed with the changes in objectives but also must be changed with the addition of new machines of war.
We are also struck by the fact that this story of a boy's love for his mother does not offend, while the incestuous love of the man, Paul Morel, sometimes repels.
He and also Mr. Cowley and Mr. Warren have fallen to the temptation which besets many of us to read into our authors -- Nathaniel Hawthorne, for example, and Herman Melville -- protests against modernism, material progress, and science which are genuine protests of our own but may not have been theirs.
On December 21, the day that the Irish House of Commons petitioned for removal of Sir Constantine Phipps, their Tory Lord Chancellor, Molesworth reportedly made this remark on the defense of Phipps by Convocation: `` They that have turned the world upside down, are come hither also ''.
Among measures in anticipation of crisis are plans to inject into the turmoil as assistants of key decision makers qualified persons who are cognizant of the corrosive effect of crisis upon personal relationships and are also able to raise calm and realistic voices when overburdened leaders near the limit of self-control.
Very likely it will also include a recognition that the work we are reading reflects or `` belongs to '' some way of thought labelled as a `` school '' or an `` -ism '', i.e. a complex or `` syndrome '' of ideas occurring together with sufficient prominence to warrant identification.
Greek boys and girls also go for rock-and-roll, and the stations most tuned to are those carrying United States overseas programs.
They both measure literature by moral standards, and in their political writings both allow for censorship, but the differences between them are also significant.
We may further grant to those of her ( Poetry's ) defenders who are lovers of poetry and yet not poets, the permission to speak in prose on her behalf: let them show not only that she is pleasant but also useful to States and to human life, and we will listen in a kindly spirit ; ;
Occupational choices are also useful -- and interesting -- in bringing out clearly that values do not constitute the only component in goals and aspirations.
The students who are most willing to acquiesce in the suppression of civil liberties are also those who are most likely to be prejudiced against minority groups, to be conformist and traditionalistic in general social attitudes, and to lack a basic faith in people.
This finding is consistent also with the fact that student leaders are more likely to be supporters of the values implicit in civil liberties than the other students.
In this sense also, they are surely conformists.
Of course I hope Hal can also, but those hopes are much more faint ''.
The novel, which is not merely dystopian but also brilliantly satiric, describes a future America where one-sixteenth of the population, the men who run advertising agencies and big corporations, control the rest of the people, the submerged fifteen-sixteenths who are the workers and consumers, with the government being no more than `` a clearing house for pressures ''.
But I will also remind them that I have always been inclined to skepticism, to a kind of Laodicean lack of commitment so far as public affairs are concerned ; ;

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