While ATP appears to be necessary for the occurrence of contraction, its presence and enzymatic hydrolysis of it by the muscle protein myosin are not the only criteria for contraction.

Lafora disease, also called Lafora progressive myoclonic epilepsy or MELF, is a fatal autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies, known as Lafora bodies, within neurons and the cells of the heart, liver, muscle, and skin.

The characteristics of anuran adults include: nine or fewer presacral vertebrae, a long and forward sloping ilium, the presence of a urostyle, no tail, shorter forelimb than hindlimb, radius and ulna fused, tibia and fibula fused, elongate ankle bones, absence of a frontal parietal bone, presence of a hyoid plate, a lower jaw without teeth, an unsupported tongue, subcutaneous lymph spaces between the skin and muscle layer and a protractor lentis muscle attached to the lens of the eye.

For example, muscle contraction is dependent upon the presence of calcium ( Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >), sodium ( Na < sup >+</ sup >), and potassium ( K < sup >+</ sup >).

The first procedural step was to make sure macrophages are present in the muscle after onset of muscle injury, and then decrease their presence to see what effects were had on the muscle.

To determine the influence of macrophages in muscle growth, muscle cross-sectional area in macrophage-depleted muscle area was measured against two muscle sets: muscle that was injured and had macrophage presence and muscle that was not injured and had macrophage presence.

Specifically, the presence of a double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples .< ref > This bifid variation of the muscle originates as a single structure from the zygomatic bone.

Muscle growth is due primarily to physiological changes in the animal's muscle cells ( fibers ) from hypertrophy to a hyperplasia mode of growth.

" The second advantage involves a physiological reaction provoked by the large amount of muscle submerged.

As noted above, power output is a principal determinant of jump distance, but physiological constraints limit muscle power to approximately 375 Watts per kilogram of muscle.

They are mediators and have a variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue.

A sphincter is an anatomical structure, a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.

The vertebral subluxation has been described as a syndrome with signs and symptoms which include: altered alignment ; aberrant motion ; palpable soft tissue changes ; localized / referred pain ; muscle contraction or imbalance ; altered physiological function ; reversible with adjustment / manipulation ; focal tenderness.

Within the Structural Integration community Robert Schleip questions Rolf's emphasis on the plasticity of fasciae and suggests that successes may have more to do with the reduction of high muscle tonus and other physiological effects that may as easily be elicited by the stimulation of mechano-sensory receptors in the fascial tissues.

Includes instruction in muscular and skeletal anatomy ; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction ; fuel utilization ; neurophysiology of motor mechanics ; systemic physiological responses ( respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others ); fatigue and exhaustion ; muscle and body training ; physiology of specific exercises and activities ; physiology of injury ; and the effects of disabilities and disease.

Includes instruction in muscular and skeletal anatomy ; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction ; fuel utilization ; neurophysiology of motor mechanics ; systemic physiological responses ( respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others ); fatigue and exhaustion ; muscle and body training ; physiology of specific exercises and activities ; physiology of injury ; and the effects of disabilities and disease.

The technique involves a step-by-step progression that begins from physiological conditioning, such as muscle relaxation, breathing control and heart rate control.

It is this neural training that causes several weeks worth of rapid gains in strength, which level off once the nerve is generating maximum contractions and the muscle reaches its physiological limit.

BK channels are essential for the regulation of several key physiological processes including smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability.

This confirms that muscle strength is first influenced by the inner neural circuitry, rather than by external physiological changes in the muscle size.

Strength training results are seen in the spinal cord well before any physiological muscular adaptation is established through muscle hypertrophy or atrophy.

Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems, electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.

The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle.

It is this neural training that causes several weeks worth of rapid gains in strength, which level off once the nerve is generating maximum contractions and the muscle reaches its physiological limit.

In a typical circumstance, when a human is exerting a muscle as hard as he / she is consciously able, roughly one-third of the fibers in that muscle will be firing at once, though this ratio can be affected by various physiological and psychological factors ( including Golgi tendon organs and Renshaw cells ).

The drug Brindley injected into his penis was a non-specific vasodilator, an alpha-blocking agent, and the mechanism of action was clearly corporal smooth muscle relaxation.

However, it has one distinct advantage, H-FIRE does not cause muscle contraction in the patient and therefore there is no need for a paralytic agent.

For other patients, orally administered pseudoephedrine may be effective, pseudoephedrine being an alpha-agonist, agent that exert a constriction effect on smooth muscle of corpora cavernosum, that in turn facilitate venous outflow.

The agent BZ and other anticholinergic glycolates act as competitive inhibitors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine neurons ( 1 ) at postjunctional muscarinic receptors in cardiac and smooth muscle and in exocrine ( ducted ) glands and ( 2 ) at postsynaptic receptors in neurons.

The agent responsible for CWD ( and other TSEs, such as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy ) is commonly thought to be a prion, an abnormal form of a normal protein, known as prion protein ( PrP ), most commonly found in the central nervous system ( CNS ), and is capable of spreading to the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ), thus infecting meat, or muscle, of deer and elk.

A flaccid paralyzing agent that causes a blocking response of ascaris muscle to acetylcholine.

While this agent is not without side effects ( such as abdominal pain and muscle pains ), it may markedly improve quality of life in patients.

Steroids secreted from the testes acts as an endocrine agent to stimulate peripheral events, such as muscle growth, and as a paracrine agent to stimulate spermatogenesis in the adjacent seminiferous tubules.

Recently, physostigmine has been proposed as antidote for intoxication with gamma hydroxybutyrate ( GHB, a potent sedative-hypnotic agent that can cause loss of consciousness, loss of muscle control, and death ).

In order to obtain spatial information about the gamma emissions from an imaging subject ( e. g. a person's heart muscle cells which have absorbed an intravenous injected radioactive, usually thallium-201 or technetium-99m, medicinal imaging agent ) a method of correlating the detected photons with their point of origin is required.

Before muscle relaxants, anesthesiologists needed to use larger doses of the anesthetic agent, such as ether, chloroform or cyclopropane to achieve these aims.

After application of a cycloplegic agent to keep the ciliary muscle in relaxed position and avoid the erroneous diagnosis of a pseudomyopia, the patient takes a seat and places their chin on a rest.

When this insulation is insufficient to maintain body temperature, they may resort to shivering -- rapid muscle contractions that quickly use up ATP, thus stimulating cellular metabolism to replace it and consequently produce more heat.

This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae.

The net result is ATP, the energy carrier used by the cell to drive useful work, such as muscle contraction.

Also, muscle types that have few mitochondria and preferentially use glycolysis for ATP production ( fast-twitch or type II fibers ) are naturally prone to lactic acidosis.

With depletion of muscle glycogen, the loss of ATP causes the muscles to grow stiff, as the actin-myosin bonds cannot be released.

A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes renin in response to osmotic and pressure changes, and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate.

In skeletal muscle, ATP must attach to the myosin heads for them to disassociate from the actin and allow relaxation — the absence of ATP in sufficient quantities means that the myosin heads remains attached to actin.

The muscle must be allowed to recover ( resynthesize ATP ), before the myosin fibres can detach and allow the muscle to relax.

The myosin head also binds to ATP, which is the source of energy for muscle movement.

Most muscle cells only store enough ATP for a small number of muscle contractions.

Creatine phosphate stores energy so ATP can be rapidly regenerated within the muscle cells from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate ions, allowing for sustained powerful contractions that last between 5 – 7 seconds.

Thus, although myosin was originally thought to be restricted to muscle cells ( hence, " myo "), there is no single " myosin " but rather a huge superfamily of genes whose protein products share the basic properties of actin binding, ATP hydrolysis ( ATPase enzyme activity ), and force transduction.

Multiple myosin II molecules generate force in skeletal muscle through a power stroke mechanism fuelled by the energy released from ATP hydrolysis.

It can be synthesized by formation of guanidinoacetate from Arg and Gly ( in kidney ) followed by methylation ( S-adenosyl methionine is required ) to creatine ( in liver ), and phosphorylation by creatine kinase ( ATP is required ) to phosphocreatine ( in muscle ); catabolism: dehydration to form the cyclic Schiff base creatinine.

The energy-sensing capability of AMPK can be attributed to its ability to detect and react to fluctuations in the AMP: ATP ratio that take place during rest and exercise ( muscle stimulation ).

During muscle stimulation, AMP increases while ATP decreases, which changes AMPK into a good substrate for activation via an upstream kinase complex, AMPKK, or better, where binding of AMP renders activated AMPK that is phosphorylated at Thr-172 a worse substrate for protein phosphatase 2Calpha.

During a bout of exercise, AMPK activity increases while the muscle cell experiences metabolic stress brought about by an extreme cellular demand for ATP.

As more AMP is produced during muscle contraction, the AMP: ATP ratio dramatically increases, leading to the allosteric activation of AMPK.

Crystals are also often found on urinalysis, which further points to calcium phosphate, and muscle biopsies show an steady state of phosphate in the cytosol as well as a dearth of ATP and phosphocreatine.