Evidence is plentiful that early and later also he has been indebted to the Gothic romancers, who deal in extravagant horror, to the symbolists writing at the end of the preceding century, and in particular to the stream-of-consciousness novelists, Henry James and James Joyce among them.

And by a skillful and unobtrusive use of imagery ( the enclosure is called a `` Roman-camp stockade '', the hastily erected lean-to is a `` Babylonian hovel '', the men begin to look like `` Peruvian mummies '' and to acquire `` Gothic faces '' ), Malraux projects a fresco of human endurance -- which is also the endurance of the human -- stretching backward into the dark abyss of time.

Alaric II ( Gothic: Alareiks II ), also known as Alarik, Alarich, and Alarico in Spanish and Portuguese or Alaricus in Latin ( d. 507 ) succeeded his father Euric as king of the Visigoths in Toulouse on December 28, 484.

Prior to the year 1878, all apostolic letters and briefs requiring for their validity the leaden seal were engrossed upon rough parchment and in Gothic characters ( round letters, also called Gallicum and commonly Bollatico, but in Italy today Teutonic ) without lines, or diphthongs, or marks of punctuation.

Gothic metal band Paradise Lost also covered " Smalltown Boy " as a bonus track on the digi-pack version of the Symbol of Life album.

But the form of the OHG and Gothic words suggests it is also a borrowing, perhaps indeed directly or indirectly from Greek " ἐλέφας " ( elephas ), which in Homer only meant " ivory ", but from Herodotus on the word also referred to the animal.

The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature ) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

Among other elements, Ann Radcliffe also introduced the brooding figure of the Gothic villain, which developed into the Byronic hero.

Radcliffe also provided an aesthetic for the genre in an influential article " On the Supernatural in Poetry ", examining the distinction and correlation between horror and terror in Gothic fiction

Reynolds was also responsible for The Mysteries of London which has been accorded an important place in the development of the urban as a particularly Victorian Gothic setting, an area within which interesting links can be made with established readings of the work of Dickens and others.

Louisa May Alcott's Gothic potboiler, A Long Fatal Love Chase ( written in 1866, but published in 1995 ) is also an interesting specimen of this subgenre.

The genre was also a heavy influence on more mainstream writers, such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, including Oliver Twist ( 1837-8 ), Bleak House ( 1854 ) ( Mighall 2003 ) and Great Expectations ( 1860 – 61 ).

Stoker's book also established Transylvania and Eastern Europe as the locus classicus of the Gothic.

The most significant of these was H. P. Lovecraft who also wrote an excellent conspectus of the Gothic and supernatural horror tradition in his Supernatural Horror in Literature ( 1936 ) as well as developing a Mythos that would influence Gothic and contemporary horror well into the 21st century.

The genre also influenced American writing to create the Southern Gothic genre, which combines some Gothic sensibilities ( such as the Grotesque ) with the setting and style of the Southern United States.

Other books by du Maurier, such as Jamaica Inn ( 1936 ), also display Gothic tendencies.

Twentieth-century rock music also had its Gothic side.

Themes from Gothic writers such as H. P. Lovecraft were also used among gothic rock and heavy metal bands, especially in black metal, thrash metal ( Metallica's The Call of Ktulu ), death metal, and gothic metal.

As with many of the buildings in Gothic novels, the abbey also has a series of tunnels.

Uldin was also known for defeating Gothic rebels giving trouble to the East Romans around the Danube and beheading the Goth Gainas around 400-401.

The Pannonian basin then was occupied by the Gepids, whilst various Gothic groups remained in the Balkans also.

The necromantic change from the palace at Sparta to Faust's Gothic castle directs us to the aesthetic meaning of the myth -- the translation of antique drama into Shakespearean and romantic guise.

Amalric is a personal name derived from the tribal name Amal ( referring to the Gothic Amali ) and ric ( Gothic reiks ) meaning " ruler, prince ".

Grimm traces the etymology of the name to * balþaz, whence Gothic balþs, Old English bald, Old High German pald, all meaning " bold, brave ".

In summing up the painting's impact, author Martha Tedeschi has stated: " Whistler's Mother, Wood's American Gothic, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Edvard Munch's The Scream have all achieved something that most paintings — regardless of their art historical importance, beauty, or monetary value — have not: they communicate a specific meaning almost immediately to almost every viewer.

The word " kludge " is, according to Burling, derived from the same root as the German " klug " ( Dutch kloog, Swedish Klag, Danish Klog, Gothic Klaugen, Lettish Kladnis and Sanskrit Veklaunn ), originally meaning " smart " or " witty ".

The Germanic word probably had a wider meaning prior to the adoption of the Roman calendar, perhaps " succession series ", as suggested by Gothic wikō translating taxis " order " in Luke 1: 8.

It has cognates in several other Germanic languages including Gothic wair, Old High German wer, and Old Norse verr, as well as in other Indo-European languages, such as Sanskrit ' vira ', Latin vir, Irish fear, Lithuanian vyras, and Welsh gŵr, which have the same meaning.

Over the following centuries the three terms grotesque, moresque and arabesque were used largely interchangeably in English, French and German for styles of decoration derived at least as much from the European past as the Islamic world, with " grotesque " gradually acquiring its main modern meaning, related more to Gothic gargoyles and caricature than to either Pompeii-style Roman painting or Islamic patterns.

The Gothic language had ( based only on Jordanes who glossed anses with uncertain meaning, possibly ' demi-god ' and presumably a Latinized form of actual plural ).

According to Lester Burbank Bridaham, writing in Gargoylaes, Chimeres and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture, " There is much symbolism in the sculpture of Gothic period ; but we must be wary of reading in too much meaning.

Sifjar is cognate to the Old English sib ( meaning " affinity, connection, by marriage ") and in other Germanic languages: Gothic language sibbia, Old High German sibba, and German sippe.

The Old Norse name Skaði, along with Sca ( n ) dinavia and Skáney, may be related to Gothic skadus, Old English sceadu, Old Saxon scado, and Old High German scato ( meaning " shadow ").

" Whistler's Mother, Wood's American Gothic, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Edvard Munch's The Scream have all achieved something that most paintings — regardless of their art historical importance, beauty, or monetary value — have not: they communicate a specific meaning almost immediately to almost every viewer.

His name, Athanareiks, means " Year King " or " King for the Year " comes from the Gothic word Athni meaning " year " and the Gothic Reiks meaning " king.

bhurvan, indicating the moving or bubbling of water, cognate to Gothic brunna spring, Latin fervēre, from * fruur > furr by metathesis of the vowel, meaning to bubble or boil.

The root word for " stoat " is likely either the Belgic word stout, meaning " bold " or the Gothic word stautan, meaning " to push ".

Their name's meaning is " clever, skillful, inventive, prudent ", cognate to Latin labor and Gothic arb-aiþs " labour, toil ", and perhaps to English elf ..

* The gothic choir of Our Lady's Cathedral is a precursory element of the Scaldian ( meaning from the Scheldt area ), typically Flemish, Gothic art.

" of the WB series Charmed, as well as playing an FBI agent in an episode of the short-lived series American Gothic titled " Meet the Beetles ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

The name Freki can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic adjective * frekaz, attested in Gothic faihu-friks " covetous, avaricious ", Old Norse frekr " greedy ", Old English frec " desirous, greedy, gluttonous, audacious " and Old High German freh " greedy ".

Gothicism's origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled " A Gothic Story ".

Sade critiqued the genre in the preface of his Reflections on the novel ( 1800 ) which is widely accepted today, stating that the Gothic is " the inevitable product of the revolutionary shock with which the whole of Europe resounded ".

In 1979, the Gothic term was later applied to " newer bands such as Bauhaus who had arrived in the wake of Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees ".

Critic Jon Savage would later say that their singer Ian Curtis wrote " the definitive Northern Gothic statement ".

Giorgio Vasari coined the term " Gothic " in an effort to describe, particularly architecture, that he found objectionable, supposedly saying " it is as if the Goths built it ".

The committee in the House of Lords announced in June 1835 that " the style of the buildings should be either Gothic or Elizabethan ".

Jeffrey Richards interprets his low rank prior to becoming pope as an indication that Theodahad was eager to put a pro-Gothic candidate on the throne on the eve of the Gothic War and " had passed over the entire diaconate as untrustworthy ".

Both the noun (* rīkijan ) and the adjective (* rīkijaz ) are derivations based on a Common Germanic * rīks " ruler, king ", reflected in Gothic as reiks, glossing " leader, ruler, chieftain ".

" If Psycho began an exploration of a new sense of absurdity in contemporary life, of the collapse of causality and the diseased underbelly of American Gothic ", he writes, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre " carries this exploration to a logical conclusion, addressing many of the issues of Hitchcock's film while refusing comforting closure ".

The English word true is from Old English ( West Saxon ) ( ge ) tríewe, tréowe, cognate to Old Saxon ( gi ) trûui, Old High German ( ga ) triuwu ( Modern German treu " faithful "), Old Norse tryggr, Gothic triggws, all from a Proto-Germanic * trewwj-" having good faith ".

His Gothic name Þiudareiks translates into " people-king " or " ruler of the people ".

He lived at the court of Constantinople for many years and learned a great deal about Roman government and military tactics, which served him well when he became the Gothic ruler of a mixed but largely Romanized " barbarian people ".

The first distinction between the letters " u " and " v " is recorded in a Gothic alphabet from 1386, where " v " preceded " u ".

His style emphasized pathos and emotion, helped by his virtuoso carving of billowing drapery ; it has been called " late Gothic Baroque ".

Cognates are German Jahr, Old High German jar, Old Norse ár and Gothic jer, all from a PIE * yērom " year, season ".

Latin Annus ( a 2nd declension masculine noun ; annum is the accusative singular ; anni is genitive singular and nominative plural ; anno the dative and ablative singular ) is from a PIE noun, which also yielded Gothic aþnam " year ".

* Queen Amalasuntha receives a delegation sent by a council of Gothic nobles urging that she have her son Athalaric, now 13, taught an education in the Roman tradition not by elderly schoolmasters, but by men who will teach him to " ride, fence, and to be toughened, not to be turned into a bookworm ".