Modern DNA fingerprinting research at University of California, Davis, now suggests that Chardonnay is the result of a cross between the Pinot and Gouais Blanc ( Heunisch ) grape varieties.

It is believed that the Romans brought Gouais Blanc from Croatia, and it was widely cultivated by peasants in Eastern France.

The Pinot of the French aristocracy grew in close proximity to the Gouais Blanc, giving both grapes ample opportunity to interbreed.

More recently, DNA fingerprinting by Ferdinand Regner indicated that one parent of Riesling is Gouais Blanc, known to the Germans as Weißer Heunisch, a variety that, while rare today, was widely grown by the French and German peasantry of the Middle Ages.

In the Middle Ages, the nobility and church of northeast France grew some form of Pinot in favoured plots, while peasants grew a large amount of the much more productive, but otherwise distinctly inferior, Gouais Blanc.

Folle Blanche is an offspring of Gouais Blanc, with the other parent so far unidentified.

It is possibly the offspring of Gouais Blanc and Chenin Blanc.

In recent years, DNA profiling conducted at the University of Zagreb has shown Furmint to be likely to have a parent-offspring relationship with the lowly Gouais Blanc, which similar research elsewhere has shown to be a parent of numerous other varieties, including Chardonnay.

Genouillet is the result of a cross between Gouais Blanc ( Heunisch ) and Bastardo.

DNA analysis has indicated that Muscadelle is a cross between Gouais Blanc and an unidentified grape variety.

Gouais Blanc was thus the grape of the peasantry rather than of the nobility.

Gouais Blanc has been proposed as a candidate for the grape given to the Gauls by Marcus Aurelius Probus ( Roman Emperor 276 – 282 ), who was from Pannonia and who overturned Domitian's decree banning grape growing north of the Alps.

Gouais Blanc was also grown in the Jura, but the Phylloxera epidemic wiped out the variety in France, and it now survives only in the INRA collection at Domaine de Vassal, Montpellier.

DNA fingerprinting at the University of California, Davis in the late 1990s identified Gouais Blanc as the ancestor of a large number of classical European grape varieties.

This unique combination of events means that many grape varieties today have Gouais Blanc as a parent, the most famous of which is Chardonnay.

DNA fingerprinting research at the University of California, Davis has also identified Gouais Blanc as an ancestor of the Aligoté, Aubin Vert, Auxerrois, Bachet noir, Beaunoir, Franc Noir de la-Haute-Saône, Gamay Blanc Gloriod, Gamay noir, Melon, Knipperlé, Peurion, Roublot, and Sacy grape varieties.

As mentioned above, Gouais Blanc until now have survived mostly as a museum curiosity.

However, Gouais Blanc has continued to be commercially grown at several vineyards in Switzerland and in recent years, a few historically interested wine producers have started to plant small amounts of Gouais Blanc.

Gouais Blanc is also known under the following synonyms: Absenger, Bauernweinbeer, Bauernweinbeere Weiss, Bauernweintraube, Belina, Belina Debela, Belina Drobna, Best's N ° 4, Blanc De Serres, Boarde, Bogatyur, Bon Blanc, Bordenauer, Borzenauer, Bouillan, Bouillaud, Bouilleaud, Bouillen, Bouillenc, Bourgeois, Bourguignon, Branestraube, Branne, Burgegger Weiss, Burger, Cagnas, Cagnou, Champagner Langstielig, Colle, Coulis, Dickweisser, Dickwiss, Enfarine Blanc, Esslinger, Figuier, Foirard Blanc, Frankenthaler, Gau, Gauche Blanc, Geuche Blanc, Goe, Goet, Gohet, Goi, Goin, Goix, Got, Gouai, Gouais Jaune, Gouais Long, Gouais Rond, Gouas, Gouaulx, Gouay, Gouche, Gouche Blanche, Goue, Gouest, Gouest Sauge, Gouet Blanc, Gouette, Gouge, Gouget Blanc, Gouillaud, Gouis De Mardeuil, Gousse, Grauhuensch, Grobe, Grobes, Grobheunisch, Grobweine, Grobweisse, Gros Blanc, Grünling, Guay Jaune, Gueche Blanc, Guest Salviatum, Gueuche Blanc, Guillan, Guinlan, Guy, Guy Blanc, Gwaess, Harthuensch, Hartuensch, Heinisch, Heinish, Heinsch, Heinschen Weiss, Hennische Weiss, Hensch, Heunisch Blanc, Heunisch Weisser, Heunischtraube, Heunish Weiss, Heunsch, Heunscher, Heunschler, Heunschlir, Hinschen, Hinschene, Hintsch, Huensch, Huenschene, Huentsch, Hunnentraube, Hunsch, Hunschrebe, Huntsch, Hyntsch, Issal, Issol, Kleinbeer, Kleinberger, Laxiertraube, Lombard Blanc, Luxiertraube, Mehlweisse, Mehlweisse Gruen, Mendic, Moreau Blanc, Mouillet, Nargouet, Pendrillart Blanc, Petit Gouge, Pichons, Plant De Sechex, Plant Madame, Plant Seche, President, Regalaboue, Riesling Grob, Rous Hette, Roussaou Blanc, Rudeca Belina, Saboule Boey, Sadoule Boey, Sadoulo Bouyer, Seestock Grob, Stajerska Belina, Tejer Szozeloe, Thalburger, Trompe Bouvier, Trompe Valet, Verdet, Verdin Blanc, Vionnier, Weisse Traube, Weisser Heunisch, Weissgrobe, Weissheinsch, Weissstock, Weisstock, Wippacher, Zoeld Hajnos

DNA profiling has shown that Blaufränkisch is a cross between Gouais blanc ( Weißer Heunisch ) and an unidentified Frankish variety.

Gamay noir is now known to be a cross of Pinot noir and the ancient white variety Gouais, the latter a Central European variety that was probably introduced to northeastern France by the Romans.

* Gouais blanc, a French wine grape that is also known as Burger

Gouais is known to have been widely planted in central and northeastern France in Medieval times.

** Gouais blanc, historic white grape

* Got ( grape ) or Gouais blanc, a white grape variety

* Goin ( grape ) or Gouais blanc, a grape varietal

* Bourguignon ( grape ), another name for the French wine grape Gouais blanc

* Gouge ( grape ), another name for the European wine grape Gouais blanc

* Guy ( grape ), another name for the French wine grape Gouais blanc

* Gau ( grape ), another name for the French wine grape Gouais blanc

The name Gouais derives from the old French adjective ‘ gou ’, a term of derision befitting its traditional status as the grape of the peasants.

The varieties Aubin Blanc and the Champagne grape Petit Meslier may be the result of a cross between Gouais Blanc and Savagnin Blanc.

DNA analysis has revealed Melon de Bourgogne to be a cross between Pinot blanc and Gouais blanc.

Arboisier, Arnaison Blanc, Arnoison, Aubain, Aubaine, Auvergnat Blanc, Auvernas, Auvernas Blanc, Auvernat Blanc, Auxeras, Auxerras Blanc, Auxerrois Blanc, Auxois, Auxois Blanc, Bargeois Blanc, Beaunois, Biela Klevanjika, Blanc de Champagne, Blanc de Cramant, Breisgauer Suessling, Breisgauer Sussling, Burgundi Feher, Chablis, Chardenai, Chardenay, Chardenet, Chardennet, Chardonay, Chardonnet, Chatenait, Chatey Petit, Chatte, Chaudenay, Chaudenet, Chaudent, Clävner, Clevner Weiss, Cravner, Epinette, Epinette Blanc, Epinette Blanche, Epinette de Champagne, Ericey Blanc, Feher Chardonnay, Feherburgundi, Feinburgunder, Gamay Blanc, Gelber Weissburgunder, Gentil Blanc, Grosse Bourgogne, Klawner, Klevanjka Biela, Klevner, Lisant, Luisant, Luizannais, Luizant, Luzannois, Maconnais, Maurillon Blanc, Melon Blanc, Melon D ' Arbois, Meroué, Moreau Blanc, Morillon Blanc, Moulon, Noirien Blanc, Obaideh, Petit Chatey, Petit Sainte-Marie, Petite Sainte Marie, Pineau Blanc, Pino Sardone, Pino Shardone, Pinot Blanc à Cramant, Pinot Blanc Chardonnay, Pinot Chardonnay, Pinot de Bourgogne, Pinot Giallo, Pinot Planc, Plant de Tonnerre, Romere, Romeret, Rouci Bile, Rousseau, Roussot, Ruländer Weiß, Sainte Marie Petite, Sardone, Shardone, Shardonne, Später Weiß Burgunder, Weiß Burgunder ( normally refers to Pinot Blanc ), Weiß Clevner, Weiß Edler, Weiß Elder, Weiß Klewner, Weiß Silber, Weißedler, Weißer Clevner, Weißer Rulander.

Mont Blanc spans the French – Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in the Alps.

* 1786 – Mont Blanc on the French – Italian border is climbed for the first time by Jacques Balmat and Dr. Michel-Gabriel Paccard.

Mont Blanc can be seen from Geneva and is an hour's drive from the city centre.

The highest peak in Italy is Mont Blanc, at above sea level.

Mont Blanc is also the highest mountain in Europe.

White Merlot should not be confused with the grape variety Merlot Blanc, which is a cross between Merlot and Folle Blanche.

* July 16 – The Mont Blanc Tunnel is inaugurated by presidents Giuseppe Saragat and Charles de Gaulle.

* August 8 – Mont Blanc is climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.

Chardonnay Blanc Musqué is mostly found around the Mâconnais village of Clessé and sometimes confused with the Dijon-166 clone planted in South Africa, which yields Muscat-like aromas.

Despite being less planted, the Blanc de Blancs style of Champagne ( made from only Chardonnay grapes ) is far more commonly produced than Blanc de Noirs.

* Tirant Lo Blanc by Joanot Martorell and Martí Joan De Galba is published.

It is best known in the form of late Romantic ballet or Ballet Blanc, which preoccupies itself with the female dancer to the exclusion of almost all else, focusing on pointe work, flowing, precise acrobatic movements, and often presenting the dancers in the conventional short white French tutu.

Blanc de noir (" white from black ") Champagne is pressed from Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier or a mix of the two.

Most Chardonnay is grown in a north-south-running strip to the south of Épernay, called the Côte des Blanc, including the villages of Avize, Oger and Le Mesnil-Sur-Oger.

The highest peak of the Western Alps is Mont Blanc ( 4, 810. 45 m ), in the Eastern Alps Piz Bernina, 4, 049 meters.

In particular, it must be made from specified grapes ( see below ), of which Ugni Blanc, known locally as Saint-Emilion, is the one most widely used at the present time.

It may be made only from a strict list of grape varieties, if it is to carry the name of one of the crus then it must be at least 90 % Ugni Blanc ( known in Italy as Trebbiano ), Folle Blanche and Colombard, although 10 % of the grapes used can be Folignan, Jurançon blanc, Meslier St-François ( also called Blanc Ramé ), Sélect, Montils or Sémillon.

It is known for its scenic cliffs such as Cape Blanc Nez and Cape Gris Nez and for its wide area of dunes.

As the highest European mountain west of Russia, Mont Blanc holds a special allure for mountain climbers, and Mark Twight described the town as " the death-sport capital of the world " because it is a base for almost all types of outdoor activity, especially their more extreme variants, such as ice climbing, rock climbing, extreme skiing, paragliding, rafting, and canyoning.

Together with a cable car system going up to the Pointe Helbronner () from Entréves in the Aosta Valley ( Italy ) it is possible to cross the entire Mont Blanc massif by cable car ( the latter is only open during the summer ).