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Page "Microcredit" ¶ 22
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Grameen and Foundation
In 2008 economist Jonathan Morduch of New York University noted there are only one or two methodologically sound studies of microfinance's impact .. Two studies published by the Grameen Foundation summarize scores of studies indicating positive impact, as well as some findings that suggest a limited positive or a negative impact.
The bank has grown into a family of over two dozen for-profit and nonprofit enterprises including the Grameen Foundation, and the Grameen Bank and its founder were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.
* Fundacion Grameen Pilipinas ( Grameen Foundation Philippines )
# REDIRECT Grameen Foundation

Grameen and has
The documentary by Heinemann also looks at the effectiveness of Grameen Bank and alleges that it has little impact on poverty by highlighting the purported continued poverty of Sufiya Begum, the original loan recipient of Grameen, in Jobra Village.
Tucker argued in 1995 that the 98 % repayment rate of Grameen ’ s loans only refer to first-time loans, that they are often repaid by new loans and that the practice of lending only to groups of women puts lenders under pressure because each member can only obtain a new loan if each member has repaid the previous loan.
While the success of the Grameen Bank ( which now serves over 7 million poor Bangladeshi women ) has inspired the world, it has proved difficult to replicate this success.
The modern use of the expression " microfinancing " has roots in the 1970s when organizations, such as Grameen Bank of Bangladesh with the microfinance pioneer Muhammad Yunus, were starting and shaping the modern industry of microfinancing.
The desire of MFIs to help their borrower diversify and increase their incomes has sparked this type of relationship in several countries, most notably Bangladesh, where hundreds of thousands of borrowers effectively work as wage labourers for the marketing subsidiaries of Grameen Bank or BRAC.
More recently, Grameen has started bond sales as a source of finance.
Grameen has offered credit to many poor, women, illiterate and unemployed people.
Grameen ’ s objective has been to promote financial independence among the poor.
Since 1995, Grameen has funded 90 percent of its loans with interest income and deposits collected, hence aligning the interests of its new borrowers and depositor-shareholders.
Down the years, Grameen has also diversified the types of loans it makes.
She has been working closely with Dr. Muhammed Yunus on his Grameen Bank ( or " Village Bank "), which offers microcredits to women across the world.
Grameen Bank in Bangladesh has successfully followed this business model.

Grameen and two
A benchmark impact assessment of Grameen Bank and two other large microfinance institutions in Bangladesh found that for every $ 1 they were lending to clients to finance rural non-farm micro-enterprise, about $ 2. 50 came from other sources, mostly their clients ' savings.

Grameen and research
One research study of the Grameen model shows that poorer individuals are safer borrowers because they place more value on the relationship with the bank.
The origin of Grameen Bank can be traced back to 1976 when Professor Muhammad Yunus, a Fulbright scholar at Vanderbilt University and Professor at University of Chittagong, launched a research project to examine the possibility of designing a credit delivery system to provide banking services targeted to the rural poor.

Grameen and on
Despite the use of solidarity circles in 1970s Jobra, Grameen Bank and other early microcredit institutions initially focused on individual lending.
A film by the Danish journalist Tom Heinemann, The Micro Debt, alleges that microcredit in Bangladesh had little impact on poverty by highlighting the purported continued poverty of Sufiya Begum, the original loan recipient of Grameen, in Jobra Village.
The interest rates charged by microfinance institutes including Grameen Bank is high compared to that of traditional banks ; Grameen's interest ( reducing balance basis ) on its main credit product is about 20 %.
* Dr. Muhammad Yunus: Nobel peace prize winner in 2006 for his contribution on poverty alleviation of the ultra poor, Nobel laureate, Founder of Grameen Bank and the Microcredit theory of Economics
Laureates during his times as chair were Shirin Ebadi ( 2003 ), Wangari Maathai ( 2004 ) the International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElBaradei ( 2005 ) Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank ( 2006 ), Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2007 ), and Martti Ahtisaari ( 2008 ).

Grameen and microfinance
However, Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank and microfinance banking, and other supporters of microfinance, argue that the lack of collateral and lack of excessive interest in micro-lending is consistent with the Islamic prohibition of usury ( riba ).
Grameen Bank in Bangladesh is the oldest and probably best-known microfinance institution in the world.
* There is also GrameenPhone, which fused mobile telephony with Grameen Bank's microfinance program to give Bangladeshi villagers access to communication.
The Grameen Bank () is a microfinance organization and community development bank started in Bangladesh that makes small loans ( known as microcredit or " grameencredit ") to the impoverished without requiring collateral.
The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh is a microfinance organization and community development bank founded by Muhammad Yunus.
The deployment of these systems is coupled with microfinance schemes, such as Grameen Shakti.

Grameen and poverty
According to Islam the Grameen Bank does not reach the poorest, since the clients of the bank tend to be clustered around the poverty line of predominantly moderately poor or vulnerable non-poor.
Grameen believes that charity is not an answer to poverty.
Grameen regards all human beings, including the poorest, as endowed with endless potential, and that unleashing the creativity in each individual should be the answer to poverty.
One of the most popular of the new technical tools for economic development and poverty reduction are microloans made famous in 1976 by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh.

Grameen and What
Participation as Process – Process as Growth – What We can Learn from the Grameen Bank.

Grameen and by
Micro-lending institutions founded by Muslims, notably Grameen Bank, use conventional lending practices and are popular in some Muslim nations, especially Bangladesh, but some do not consider them true Islamic banking.
The Grameen Bank, which is generally considered the first modern microcredit institution, was founded in 1976 by Muhammad Yunus.
Grameen Bank was followed by organizations such as BRAC in 1972 and ASA in 1978.
After a thorough investigation in December 2010 by the Norwegian Foreign Ministry, the alleged problems have been proven to be false and no further actions against the Grameen Bank and its founder, Muhammad Yunnis, have been taken.
Hybrid approaches, e. g. Grameen Bank which applies classical Islamic values but uses conventional lending practices, are much lauded by some proponents of modern human development theory.
Based in New York and founded by Muhammed Yunus, Grameen America provides micro-loans, savings programs, financial education, and credit establishment to low-income entrepreneurs.
Led by Grameen Bank and BRAC in Bangladesh, Prodem in Bolivia, and FINCA International, headquartered in Washington, DC, these NGOs have spread around the developing world in the past three decades ; others, like the Gamelan Council, address larger regions.
In October 1983, the Grameen Bank Project was transformed into an independent bank by government legislation.
Hence, Grameen distinguishes itself from such institutions by converting deposits made in villages into loans for the more needy in the villages ( Yunus and Jolis 1998 ).
An open letter was sent to the CEO and Chairman of Salesforce. com Inc., signed by people and organisations from across the world, including Professor Muhammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, and Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, co-authors of The Spirit Level, which asked that Salesforce. com Inc stop using the term ‘ social enterprise ’.

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