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Greek and mathematics
Category: Greek mathematics
Arithmetic or arithmetics ( from the Greek word ἀριθμός, arithmos " number ") is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used by almost everyone, for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations.
Linnaeus entered the Växjö Gymnasium in 1724, where he studied mainly Greek, Hebrew, theology and mathematics, a curriculum designed for boys preparing for the priesthood.
These Greek city-states reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy, and nurtured in Athens under a democratic government.
* Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
The Arithmetica is the major work of Diophantus and the most prominent work on algebra in Greek mathematics.
However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics ( firstly by Archimedes ), newly discovered and translated.
In mathematics, an ellipse ( from Greek ἔλλειψις elleipsis, a " falling short ") is a plane curve that results from the intersection of a cone by a plane in a way that produces a closed curve.
In the early modern age, Victorian schools were reformed to teach commercially useful topics, such as modern languages and mathematics, rather than classical subjects, such as Latin and Greek.
Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English: mathematics, physics, astronomy, democracy, philosophy, thespian, athletics, theatre, rhetoric, baptism, evangelist etc.
In mathematics, the gamma function ( represented by the capital Greek letter Γ ) is an extension of the factorial function, with its argument shifted down by 1, to real and complex numbers.
Greek mathematician Archimedes, famous for his ideas regarding fluid mechanics and buoyancyIn the 3rd century BCE, the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse ( ( 287 BCE-212 BCE )-generally considered to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time-laid the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and calculated the underlying mathematics of the lever.
The study of mathematics as a subject in its own right begins in the 6th century BC with the Pythagoreans, who coined the term " mathematics " from the ancient Greek μάθημα ( mathema ), meaning " subject of instruction ".
Many Greek and Arabic texts on mathematics were then translated into Latin, which led to further development of mathematics in medieval Europe.
He held many college offices, becoming successively lecturer in Greek ( 1651 ), mathematics ( 1653 ), and humanity ( 1655 ), praelector ( 1657 ), junior dean ( 1657 ), and college steward ( 1659 and 1660 ); and according to the habit of the time, he was accustomed to preach in his college chapel and also at Great St Mary's, long before he took holy orders on 23 December 1660.
His studies included Latin, Greek, science, geography, mathematics, rhetoric, and philosophy.
Hutton's mother-Sarah Balfour-insisted on his education at the High School of Edinburgh where he was particularly interested in mathematics and chemistry, then when he was 14 he attended the University of Edinburgh as a " student of humanity " i. e. Classics ( Latin and Greek ).
He exhibited great manual dexterity, engineering skills and an aptitude for mathematics, while Latin and Greek failed to interest him.
* Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
In mathematics, a lemma ( plural lemmata or lemmas ) from the Greek λῆμμα ( lemma, “ anything which is received, such as a gift, profit, or a bribe ”) is a proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result rather than as a statement of interest by itself.

Greek and greatly
But in this Council, and later, in that of Florence, Ambrose, by his efforts and charity toward some poor Greek bishops, greatly helped to bring about a union of the two Churches, the decree for which, 6 July 1439, he was called on to draw up.
Catullus, as was common to his era, was greatly influenced by stories from Greek and Roman myth.
Like many other Greek mathematical treatises, Diophantus was forgotten in Western Europe during the so-called Dark Ages, since the study of ancient Greek had greatly declined.
Greek historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology.
The capital Sagala ( modern Sialkot ) prospered greatly under Menander's rule and Menander is one of the few Bactrian kings mentioned by Greek authors.
Greek New Comedy greatly differs from those plays of Aristophanes.
The Etruscans in Italy were, from their earliest period, greatly influenced by their contact with Greek culture and religion, but they retained their wooden temples ( with some exceptions ) until their culture was completely absorbed into the Roman world, with the great wooden Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol in Rome itself being a good example.
Philip II of Macedon greatly improved upon the limited combined arms tactics of the Greek city-states and combined the newly created Macedonian Phalanx with heavy cavalry and other forces.
These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society.
He thereby paved the way for the relative success of Alexander's Seleucid successors and greatly enhanced the diffusion of Greek culture to the East.
Celtic mercenaries were greatly employed in the Greek world ( leading to the sack of Delphi and the Celtic settlement of Galatia ).
and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes ( 287 – 212 B. C .).
libros Pandectarum ( 1508 ), which, by the application of philology and history, had a great influence on the study of Roman law, and of Commentarii linguae Graecae ( 1529 ), an extensive collection of lexicographical notes, which contributed greatly to the study of Greek literature in France.
The quality of life improved greatly after 1960 when the Greek government began to invest in the infrastructure of the island to assist in the promotion of tourism.
With the outbreak of World War I and the Entente's intervention in Macedonia, the conflict between king and first minister steadily deteriorated, leading eventually to the National Schism, that greatly contributed to the loss of the next war against Kemalist Turkey in Asia Minor, and dominated Greek politics for over a half of a century.
Both his parents were natives of Smyrna ( modern-day İzmir ), and he was greatly affected by his Greek ancestry.
However, Greek philosophy greatly influenced Alexandrian writers such as the authors of IV Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom, and Philo.
The Maniots contributed greatly to the struggle, but once Greek independence was won, they wanted to retain local autonomy.
His assumption of power in 1981 influenced the course of Greek political history, ending an almost 50-year long system of power dominated by conservative forces ; the achievements of his successive governments include the official recognition of the Greek Resistance against the Axis, the establishment of the National Health System and the Supreme Council for Personnel Selection ( ASEP ), the passage of Law 1264 / 1982 which secured the right to strike and greatly improved the rights of workers, the constitutional amendment of 1985 – 1986 which strengthened parliamentarism and reduced the powers of the unelected President, the conduct of an assertive and independent Greek foreign policy, the expansion in the power of local governments, many progressive reforms in Greek Law, and granting permission to the refugees of the Greek Civil War to return home in Greece.

Greek and refined
Too much refinement is generally considered to be against the hearty spirit of the Greek cuisine, though recent trends among Greek culinary circles tend to favour a somewhat more refined approach.
Most modern scholars agree that the actual Greek fire was based on petroleum, either crude or refined ; comparable to modern napalm.
Charles Benbow's son, Jesse Benbow, built a more refined Greek Revival four-square home in 1858 on land inherited from his father.
Streeter devoted a chapter to the matter, arguing that the Matthew / Luke agreements were due to coincidence, or to the result of the two authors ' reworking of Mark into more refined Greek, or to overlaps with Q or oral tradition, or to textual corruption.
The second, called by some " tomb of the Innocentiores " ( a burial club which owned it ), has a refined stucco ceiling, Latin inscriptions in Greek characters, and a graffito with the initials of the Greek words for " Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour ".
These Indo-European peoples, while considered barbarian and rural by their refined and urbanized Greek neighbors, had developed advanced forms of music, poetry, industry, and artistic crafts.
The refined Greek method of acting was incomprehensible to the Romans who wanted coarser fodder but Roscius impressed on his public that the highest art lies in moderation and not in clown-like antics.
One of the most beautiful Corinthian capitals is that from the Tholos of Epidaurus ( 400 BCE ); it illustrates the transition between the earlier Greek capital, as at Bassae, and the Roman version that Renaissance and modern architects inherited and refined ( See the more complete discussion at Corinthian order ).
Compsognathus (; Greek kompsos / κομψός ; " elegant ", " refined " or " dainty ", and gnathos / γνάθος ; " jaw ") is a genus of small, bipedal, carnivorous theropod dinosaurs.
Halhed's observation of Sanskrit in the preface of his book stated that he had been " astonished to find the similitude of Shanscrit words with those of Persian and Arabic, and even of Latin and Greek: and these not in technical and metaphorical terms, which the mutation of refined arts and improved manner might have occasionally introduced ; but in the main ground-work of language, in monosyllables, in the names of numbers, and the appellations of such things as would be first discriminated as the immediate dawn of civilisation.
:" The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure ; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident ; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists.
Many of the art forms and methods used by the Romans — such as high and low relief, free-standing sculpture, bronze casting, vase art, mosaic, cameo, coin art, fine jewelry and metalwork, funerary sculpture, perspective drawing, caricature, genre and portrait painting, landscape painting, architectural sculpture, and trompe l ’ oeil painting — all were developed or refined by Ancient Greek artists.
Her eldest son Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus " in all his relations and views ... belonged to the Scipionic circle " sharing its " refined and thorough culture " which was both Greek and Roman.
As it has evolved Western notions of high culture have been associated at various times with: The study of " humane letters " especially the Greek and Latin classics and more broadly all works considered to be part of " the canon "; the cultivation of refined etiquette and manners ; an appreciation of the fine arts-especially sculpture and painting ; a knowledge of such literature, drama, and poetry considered to be of high caliber ; enjoyment of European classical music and opera ; religion and theology often with a special focus on Europe's predominantly Christian tradition ; rhetoric and politics ; the study of philosophy and history ; a taste for gourmet cuisine and wine ; being well traveled and especially " The Grand Tour of Europe "; certain sports associated with elites such as polo, horsemanship, fencing, and yachting.
His successors Plautus and Terence further refined the borrowings from the Greek stage and the prosody of their verse is substantially the same as for classical Latin verse.
However, despite von Kupffer's argument that present-day men should, like the ideal Greek citizen of the past, be both decidedly masculine in their behavior but at the same time refined enough to entertain homoerotic or homosexual relationships, von Kupffer stresses that he is not a misogynist and that in fact a lot of misogynism emanates from heterosexual men who subconsciously feel caged in by their marriages.
# Glossographia ; or, a Dictionary interpreting such hard Words, whether Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, & c, that are now used in our refined English Tongue, & c. London, 1656, octavo, published several times after with additions and amendments
It is unanimously agreed that both Luke and Acts were originally written in a refined Koine Greek, and that " θεόφιλος " (" Theophilos "), as it appears therein, means friend of God or ( be ) loved by God or loving God in the Greek language.
The picture they give of the simple and refined life of the Greek country gentleman, like Xenophon in his old age at Scillus, is one of the most charming and intimate glimpses we have of the ancient world, carried on quietly among the drums and tramplings of Alexander's conquests, of which we are faintly reminded by another epigram on an engraved Indian beryl.
The generic name is derived from that of Compsognathus, itself meaning ' elegant jaw ' ( Greek kompsos / κομψός meaning " elegant ", " refined " or " dainty " and gnathos / γνάθος meaning " jaw "), which was a later ( Jurassic ) small predatory dinosaur.
Other Greek inventions include torsion catapults, pneumatic catapults, crossbows, cranes, rutways, organs, the keyboard mechanism, gears, differential gears, screws, refined parchment, showers, dry docks, diving bells, odometer and astrolabes.

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