Vacillating between support for the Soviet Union and ( by the late 1970s ) the United States, Guinea's economic situation became as unpredictable as its diplomatic line.

Conakry is Guinea's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic centre.

Concession agreements have been signed for future exploitation of Guinea's extensive iron ore deposits.

The adaptability and opportunistic diet of the Willie Wagtail have probably assisted it in adapting to human habitation ; it eats a wide variety of arthropods, including butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, dragonflies, bugs, spiders, centipedes, and millipedes, and has been recorded killing small lizards such as skinks and geckos in a study in Madang on Papua New Guinea's north coast.

Although its agricultural sector had recovered from the 1997 drought and timber prices were rising as most Asian economies recovered from their 1998 slump, Papua New Guinea's foreign currency earnings suffered from low world mineral and petroleum prices.

They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighboring Iberians and north African Muslim states.

Michael Somare, who became Papua New Guinea's first Prime Minister, said that his country had been able to enter self-government without fear of having to argue with an Ian Smith " simply because of Paul Hasluck ".

A report on the SBS Dateline program, broadcast on 26 June 2011, states that Sir Michael Somare, at the time Papua New Guinea's Opposition Leader, had signed an affidavit in 2001 specifying that the PNG government was acting under instruction from mining giant Rio Tinto.

Equatorial Guinea's roads and highways are underdeveloped, but improving.

On 5 May 2009, President Moussa Dadis Camara, who seized power in a bloodless coup which followed the 22 December 2008 death of President Lansana Conté, announced the recall of 30 of Guinea's ambassadors to other countries.

Bauxite mining and alumina production provide about 80 % of Guinea's foreign exchange.

Oil in the Gulf of Guinea represents more than 80 % of Equatorial Guinea's economy, though supplies from current reserves are predicted by some sources to run out before 2020.

In testimony he spoke frankly about the events leading to the botched attempt to topple Equatorial Guinea's president.

The resulting lower foreign exchange earnings, capital flight, and general government mismanagement resulted in a precipitous drop in the value of Papua New Guinea's currency, the kina, leading to a dangerous decrease in foreign currency reserves.

The Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, is Papua New Guinea's head of government, consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the National Parliament.

The PNG government made attempts to resolve the situation through June and July, but these failed, and the interim government announced that they would declare independence on 1 September, ahead of Papua New Guinea's own independence on 16 September.

Papua New Guinea's policy towards Bougainville hardened after the defeat of the incumbent government at the 1992 elections.

Currently the idea is backed by the Australian government and Papua New Guinea's foreign minister.

Annobon is of strategic importance to Equatorial Guinea as through its ownership the Equatorial Guinean government claims to extensive maritime territory to the south of its neighbour, São Tomé and Príncipe ( which itself lies to the south of Equatorial Guinea's main land mass ).

In July 2004, the US Senate published an investigation into Riggs Bank, into which most of Equatorial Guinea's oil revenues were paid until recently.

Makeba was appointed Guinea's official delegate to the United Nations.

Makeba was appointed Guinea's official delegate to the United Nations, for which she won the Dag Hammarskjöld Peace Prize in 1986.

Corruption and a dysfunctional judicial system disrupt the development of Equatorial Guinea's economy and society.

In 2002, a report said " The oil companies do not view Equatorial Guinea's military – a product of decades of brutal dictatorial rule – with much confidence.

After Macias ' fall in 1979, President Obiang asked for Spanish assistance, and since then, Spain has regained influence in Equatorial Guinea's diplomatic relations.

Parallel to the Equatoguinean rapprochement with its Francophone neighbors, France's role has significantly increased following Equatorial Guinea's entry into the CFA Franc Zone and the BEAC.

Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century.

France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for Sierra Leone, the Portuguese for their Guinea colony ( now Guinea-Bissau ), and Liberia.

Conté blamed neighbouring leaders for coveting Guinea's natural resources, though these claims were strenuously denied.

Demographics of Guinea describes the condition and overview of Guinea's peoples.

A military dictatorship, led by then-Lt. Col. Lansana Conté and styling itself the Military Committee of National Recovery ( CMRN ), took control of Guinea in April 1984, shortly after the death of independent Guinea's first president, Sékou Touré.

Guinea's membership in the African Union was suspended after the coup.

Land, water, and climatic conditions provide opportunities for large-scale irrigated farming and agroindustry. Remittances from Guineans living and working abroad and coffee exports account for the rest of Guinea's foreign exchange.

The IMF and the World Bank are heavily involved in the development of Guinea's economy, as are many bilateral donor nations, including the United States.

Although Guinea's external debt burden remains high, the country is now current on external debt payments.

Possibilities for investment and commercial activities exist in all these areas, but Guinea's poorly developed infrastructure continues to present obstacles to investment projects.

They are responsible for the territorial security of Guinea's border and the defence of the country against external attack and aggression.

Guinea's armed forces are divided into five branches — army, navy, air force, the paramilitary National Gendarmerie and the Republican Guard — whose chiefs report to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who is subordinate to the Minister of Defense.

It should be American policy not only to encourage effective land reform programs but also to underline the relation of such reforms to the economic growth and modernization of the society.

Its spokesmen insist that there has not been time enough to institute reforms in military and economic aid policies in the critical areas.

BZNS came to power in 1919 and introduces many economic, social, and legal reforms.

A variety of social, political and economic reforms were introduced by the Japanese government, in hope of modernising the country in the Western style, and included the annexation of Hokkaido.

With an ever changing administration, the County lacked a coherent long-term economic policy or support for reforms.

The Republic of Belarus has conducted effective military reforms within the last decade which have reshaped its armed forces as a relatively effective force for a small state in somewhat difficult economic conditions.

USAID has programming in the following areas: economic policy reform and restructuring ; private sector development ( the Business Development Program ); infrastructure rebuilding ; democratic reforms in the media, political process and elections, and rule of law / legal code formulation ; and training programs for women and diplomats.

Successful foreign direct investment and successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning have contributed greatly to the Bulgarian economy, with a historical growth rate average of 6 % a year.

During 1996, however, the economy collapsed due to the Bulgarian Socialist Party's slow and mismanaged economic reforms and an unstable and decentralised banking system, which led to an inflation rate of 311 % and the collapse of the lev.

The government elected in 2001 pledged to maintain the fundamental economic policy objectives adopted by its predecessor in 1997, specifically: retaining the Currency Board, implementing sound financial policies, accelerating privatisation, and pursuing structural reforms.

Déby, in the mid-1990s, gradually restored basic functions of government and entered into agreements with the World Bank and IMF to carry out substantial economic reforms.

But in 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 4 %.

Dacko's efforts to promote economic and political reforms proved ineffectual, and on 20 September 1981, he in turn was overthrown in a bloodless coup by General André Kolingba.

The World Bank and IMF are now encouraging the government to concentrate exclusively on implementing much-needed economic reforms to jump-start the economy and defining its fundamental priorities with the aim of alleviating poverty.

Failure to address the economic and social disparities and increasing political awareness of the less-affluent population, as well as indirect intervention and economic funding to the main political groups by both the KGB and the CIA, as part of the Cold War, led to a political polarization under Socialist President Salvador Allende which in turn resulted in the 11 September 1973 coup and the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, whose 17-year regime was responsible for numerous human rights violations and deep market-oriented economic reforms.

Only in the 18th century did a steady economic and demographic growth begin, an effect of the reforms by Spain's Bourbon dynasty and a more stable situation along the frontier.

The four-man junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet abolished civil liberties, dissolved the national congress, banned union activities, prohibited strikes and collective bargaining, and erased the Allende administration's agrarian and economic reforms.

In order to halt the ongoing economic collapse, economic reforms were drafted by a group of technocrats known as the Chicago Boys because many of them had been trained or influenced by University of Chicago professors.

The flow stopped in late 1959 when economic reforms by the then-new government of Fidel Castro prevented Cubans from buying cars on credit.

Wang Mang started an extensive program of land and other economic reforms, including the outlawing of slavery and land nationalization and redistribution.

Deng Xiaoping was the Paramount Leader of China from 1978 to 1992, although he never became the head of the party or state, and his influence within the Party led the country to significant economic reforms.

Several international financial institutions have praised the economic reforms introduced by former president Álvaro Uribe ( elected 7 August 2002 ), which include measures designed to reduce the public-sector deficit below 2. 5 % of GDP in 2004.