; 1141: Yehuda Halevi issues a call to the Jews to emigrate to Palestine and eventually dies in Jerusalem.

The term and trope are found throughout the Sefer Tahkemoni by Yehuda Alharizi ( 1165 – 1225 ) and much of the poetic corpus of the Golden Age of Iberian Jewish belles lettres, which includes the works of such poets as Shmu ' el HaNagid ( 993-1056 ), Moses Ibn Ezra ( c. 1055-after 1138 ), Yehuda Halevi ( c. 1075-1141 ), and Abraham Ibn Ezra ( c. 1093-c. 1167 ) among others.

There are also tombs of several outstanding Jewish scholars in Iran such as Harav Ohr Shraga in Yazd and Hakham Mullah Moshe Halevi ( Moshe-Ha-Lavi ) in Kashan, which are also visited by Muslim pilgrims.

Among Heller's lesser known descendants are Yisroel Ya ' akov Yoikel Halevi Gottesman ( d. 1992 ) and his children and grandchildren.

Halevi asserts that no comparison is possible between Jewish culture, which in his view is based upon religious truth, and Greek culture, which is based upon science only.

Halevi dealt with his pilgrimage extensively in the poetry written during his last year, which includes

Isaac, the son of the Abraham Ibn Ezra and the son-in-law of Judah Halevi, was one of his pupils, to whom Abu ' l-Barakāt, Jewish at the time, dictated a long philosophical commentary on Ecclesiastes, written in Arabic using Hebrew aleph bet.

In this same work Halevi attacked a number of ideas that appeared in a book called Nabatean Agriculture, written or translated by Ibn Wahshiyya in 904.

Rabbi Chaim Noach Levin also wrote in his notes on Megillas Yuchsin that he heard directly from Rabbi Yosef Shaul Halevi, the head of the Rabbinical court of Lemberg, that when he wanted to go see the remains of the Golem, the sexton of the Alt-Neu Shul said that Rabbi Yechezkel Landau had advised against going up to the attic after he himself had gone up.

* May 14 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi sets off from Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.

Although Hirsch does not mention his influences ( apart from traditional Jewish sources ), later authors have identified ideas from the Kuzari ( Yehuda Halevi ), Nahmanides and the Maharal of Prague in his works.

After the expulsion of the Islamic rule from Spain during the reconquista which ended by 1492, many prominent rabbis found their way to Safed, among them the Kabbalists Isaac Luria and Moshe Kordovero ; Joseph Caro, the author of the Shulchan Aruch and Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz, composer of the Sabbath hymn " Lecha Dodi ".

The tradition that this daughter was married to Abraham Ibn Ezra does not rest on any evidence, though Halevi and Abraham Ibn Ezra were well acquainted, as we know from the writings of the latter.

" Jerusalem of Gold " is a reference to a special piece of jewelry mentioned in a famous Talmudic legend about Rabbi Akiva ; " To all your songs, I am a lyre " is a quote from a poem by Rabbi Yehuda Halevi.

*" Melodies at the Right Hand of Eternity " by Nissim Halevi Tchatchir ( translation from Hebrew into Krymchak language )-Jerusalem, 1902.

While this is seen by Halevi nonetheless as evidence of Samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, he concedes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the Islamic world at the time ; Robert I. Burns remains altogether sceptical given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere.

Halevi now attempts to demonstrate the superiority of his religion, Judaism.

His ancestry was Ashkenazi Jewish, with his paternal line having supplied the rabbis of Trier since 1723, a role that had been taken up by his own grandfather, Meier Halevi Marx ; Meier's son and Karl's father would be the first in the line to receive a secular education.

The leader of the Toronto wing of the Jewish Defense League, Meir Weinstein, ( known then as Meir Halevi ) denied involvement in the attack.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

Maimonides and his wife, the daughter of one Mishael ben Yeshayahu Halevi, had one child, Avraham, who was recognized as a great scholar, and who succeeded him as Nagid and as court physician at the age of eighteen.

When Rabbi Yaakov died in 1064, Rashi continued learning in Worms for another year in the yeshiva of his relative, Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, who was also chief rabbi of Worms.

Among those murdered in Worms were the three sons of Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, Rashi's teacher.

* Yehuda Halevi, poet and philosopher ( b. c. 1075 )

* September 8 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the Kuzari, arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.

Judah Halevi endeavored, in his Kuzari to determine the fundamentals of Judaism on another basis.

These rabbis include: Shlomo Goren ( former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel ); Chaim David Halevi ( former Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv and Yaffo ); Dov Lior ( Rabbi of Kiryat Arba ); Yosef Elboim ; Yisrael Ariel ; She ' ar Yashuv Cohen ( Chief Rabbi of Haifa ); Yuval Sherlo ( rosh yeshiva of the hesder yeshiva of Petah Tikva ); Meir Kahane.

* Joseph Halevi, David Laibman and Edward J. Nell ( eds.

R ' Yitzhak Isaac Halevi suggests that this was not, in fact, a matter of religion.

* Halevi, Yitzchak Isaac " Dorot Ha ' Rishonim " ( Heb.

Hebrew singer-poets of the Middle Ages include: Yehuda Halevi, Solomon ibn Gabirol and Abraham ibn Ezra.

Liturgical Jewish poetry in Hebrew flourished in Palestine in the seventh and eighth centuries with the writings of Yose ben Yose, Yanai, and Eleazar Kalir Later Jewish poets in Spain, Provencal, and Italy wrote both religious and secular poems in Hebrew ; particularly prominent poets were the Spanish Jewish poets Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Halevi.

In Granada, it is said, he met his future friend ( and perhaps his father-in-law ) Yehuda Halevi.

He led a life of restless wandering, which took him to North Africa, Egypt ( in 1109, maybe in the company of Yehuda Halevi ), the Land of Israel, Italy ( Rome in 1140-1143, Lucca, Mantua, Verona ), Southern France ( Rodez, Narbonne, Béziers ), Northern France ( Dreux ), England ( London, and Oxford in 1158 ), and back again to Narbonne in 1161, until his death on January 23 or 28, 1167, the exact location unknown: maybe at Calahorra at the border of Navarre and Aragon, or maybe in Rome or in the Holy Land.

As his friend Yehuda Halevi used the Arabic poetic form of Muwashshah.

Many early authorities did permit women to wear a tallit, such as Isaac ibn Ghiyyat ( b. 1038 ), Rashi ( 1040 – 1105 ), Rabbeinu Tam ( ca 1100 – 1171 ), Zerachya ben Yitzhak Halevi of Lunel ( ca.

The following arguments have been based on the content: ( 1 ) It is perceived to be theologically incompatible with Paul's other epistles: elsewhere Paul attributed Jesus's death to the " rulers of this age " ( 1 Cor 2: 8 ) rather than to the Jews, and elsewhere Paul writes that the Jews have not been abandoned by God for " all Israel will be saved " ( Rom 11: 26 ); According to 1 Thes 1: 10, the wrath of God is still to come, it is not something that has already shown itself ( 2 ) There were no extensive historical persecutions of Christians by Jews in Palestine prior to the first Jewish war ( 3 ) The use of the concept of imitation in 1 Thes.

In this reference Eusebius writes: “ These things happened to the Jews to avenge James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus, that is called the Christ.

" Theologian and author Arthur A. Cohen, in The Myth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition, questioned the theological validity of the Judeo-Christian concept and suggested that it was essentially an invention of American politics, while Jacob Neusner, in Jews and Christians: The Myth of a Common Tradition, writes, " The two faiths stand for different people talking about different things to different people.

* John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter ; he also writes eight Homilies entitled " Adversus Iudaeos " (" Against the Jews ").

Baal-Teshuva writes that Chagall " loved " going to the sections of New York where Jews lived, especially the Lower East Side.

Stephanie Persin writes, " Evangelists in the organization have been trained to recite phrases from the Old Testament and to use Yiddish words so as to convince potential converts that Jews for Jesus maintain Jewish traditions.

George Berkley writes that the Messianic Jews of the MJAA " worship not just God but Jesus " whom they call Yeshua.

Martin Gilbert writes that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from the foreign journalists working in Germany sent shock waves around the world.

In 1815 he writes about the French: " Jews ...

He writes that Pilate feared a delegation that the Jews might send to Tiberius protesting the gold-coated shields, because " if they actually sent an embassy they would also expose the rest of his conduct as governor by stating in full the briberies, the insults, the robberies, the outrages and wanton injuries, the executions without trial constantly repeated, the ceaseless and supremely grievous cruelty ".

* 166-Bishop Soter writes that the number of Christians has surpassed the Jews

Historian of Russian Jewry John Klier writes in Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881-1882 that " By the twentieth century, the word ' pogrom ' had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews.

* To wear tefillin and recite the blessings in an undertone: This opinion, based on Maimonides, is the ruling of Moses Isserles who writes that this is the universally accepted practice among Ashkenazic Jews.

* Bernard Lewis writes that while Muslims have held negative stereotypes regarding Jews, throughout most of Islamic history these stereotypes were not indicative of antisemitism because, unlike Christians, Muslims viewed Jews as objects of ridicule, not fear.

However, Poliakov writes that treatment of Jews in Muslim literature varies, and the tales are meant for pure entertainment, with no didactic aim.

Martin Kramer writes that in Islamic tradition, in striking contrast with the Christian concept of the eternal Jew, the contemporary Jews were not presented as archetypes — as the embodiment of Jews in all times and places.

He writes that, unlike the court Jews of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation, the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks.

; 1794: Richard Brothers, a millenarianist, Christian restorationist, a false prophet and the founder of British Israelism, writes A revealed knowledge of the prophecies & times, predicting the return of the Jews to Jerusalem in 1798 where they will be converted to Christianity.

; 1896: After covering the trial and aftermath of Captain Dreyfus and witnessing the associated mass anti-semitic rallies in Paris, which included chants, " Death to Jews ", Jewish-Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl writes Der Judenstaat ( The Jewish State ) advocating the creation of a Jewish state.

; 1898: Sholom Aleichem writes an Yiddish language pamphlet Why Do the Jews Need a Land of Their Own?