Hayek conceded that the national labels did not exactly correspond to those belonging to each tradition: Hayek saw the Frenchmen Montesquieu, Constant and Tocqueville as belonging to the " British tradition " and the British Thomas Hobbes, Priestley, Richard Price and Thomas Paine as belonging to the " French tradition ".

Mises and Hayek saw centralization as inevitable in socialism.

By 1947, Hayek was an organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as socialism in various areas.

Hayek saw not only equality of opportunity but all of social justice as a " mirage ".

Friedrich Hayek identified two different traditions within classical liberalism: the " British tradition " and the " French tradition ".

Friedrich August Hayek CH (; 8 May 189923 March 1992 ), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek, was a British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism.

Hayek lived in Austria, Great Britain, the United States and Germany, and became a British subject in 1938.

Unwilling to return to Austria after the Anschluss brought it under the control of Nazi Germany in 1938, Hayek remained in Britain and became a British subject in 1938.

In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office.

Hayek was defended by Professor Antony Flew who stated that the German Social Democrats, unlike the British Labour Party, had, since the late 1950s, abandoned public ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange and had instead embraced the social market economy.

In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie believes Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook.

Gunnar Myrdal received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974 ( shared with his ideological nemesis, Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek ); Bertil Ohlin received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1977 ( shared with British economist James Meade ).

Critics of the British mixed economy, including Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek, argued that what is called a mixed economy is a move toward socialism and increasing the influence of the state.

In his " Opening Address to a Conference at Mont Pelerin " Hayek mentioned " two men with whom I had most fully discussed the plan for this meeting both have not lived to see its realisation ": Henry Simons ( who trained Milton Friedman, a future president of the society, at the University of Chicago ) and Sir John Clapham, a senior official of the Bank of England who from 1940 – 6 was the president of the British Royal Society.

Significantly, Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism was a capitalist reaction against socialism, instead arguing that fascism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and the power of the state over the individual.

Hayek analyzes the roots of Nazism in socialism, then draws parallels to the thought of British leaders:

Winston Churchill was influenced by the work of Hayek and opposed heavy government interference in the British economy.

Lord Bauer was also a fellow of the British Academy and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society, which was founded by his friend Friedrich Hayek.

The term frequently implies a critique of the more extreme expressions of logical positivism and has been used by social scientists such as Friedrich Hayek, philosophers of science such as Karl Popper, and philosophers such as Hilary Putnam to describe the dogmatic endorsement of scientific methodology and the reduction of all knowledge to only that which is measurable.

In 1947, 39 scholars, mostly economists, with some historians and philosophers, were invited by Professor Friedrich Hayek to meet to discuss the state, and possible fate of classical liberalism and to combat the “ state ascendancy and Marxist or Keynesian planning was sweeping the globe ”.

While the idea of laws and markets as emergent phenomena comes fairly naturally to an economist, and was indeed present in the works of early economists such as Bernard Mandeville, David Hume, and Adam Smith, Hayek traces the development of ideas based on spontaneous-order throughout the history of Western thought, occasionally going as far back as the presocratics.

The Reading Room was used by a large number of famous figures, including notably Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Karl Marx, Oscar Wilde, Friedrich Hayek, Bram Stoker, Mahatma Gandhi, Rudyard Kipling, George Orwell, George Bernard Shaw, Mark Twain, Lenin, Norbert Elias, Virginia Woolf, Arthur Rimbaud and H. G. Wells.

In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with " social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention " and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy.

Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek.

This is seen by the fact that authoritative sources on neoliberalism, such as Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, David Harvey and Noam Chomsky do not agree about the meaning of neoliberalism.

In emphasising evolution and competition of ideas, Hayek highlighted the divide between practical liberalism that evolved in a haphazard way in England, championed by such people as David Hume and Adam Smith, versus the more theoretical approach of the French, in such people as Descartes and Rousseau.

These scholars include David Friedman, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek.

The University of Freiburg has been home to some of the greatest minds of the Western tradition, including such eminent figures as Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, Rudolf Carnap, David Daube, Johann Eck, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Friedrich Hayek, Edmund Husserl, Friedrich Meinecke, and Max Weber.

Supporters include Fred Foldvary, David D. Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, George Selgin, Lawrence H. White.

He outlines traditional customary law ( also known as consuetudinary law ) before the creation of states, including as described by Friedrich A. Hayek, Bruce L. Benson, and David D. Friedman.

These scholars include David Friedman, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek.

Hayek also rejected the label " laissez faire " as originating from the French tradition and alien to the beliefs of Hume, Smith and Burke.

* F A Hayek at the Adam Smith Institute

He derived the phrase spontaneous order from Gestalt psychology, and it was adopted by the classical liberal economist Frederick Hayek, although the concept can be traced back to at least Adam Smith.

I think the Adam Smith role was played in this cycle the late twentieth century collapse of socialism in which the idea of free-markets succeeded first, and then special events catalyzed a complete change of socio-political policy in countries around the world by Friedrich Hayek ’ s The Road to Serfdom.

Donald Devine has argued Meyer's synthesis is a first principle or axiom that is as valid as Strauss ’ monist first principle and relates this to Hayek ’ s critical rationalism philosophical tradition and those he identifies with it such as Aristotle, Cicero, Thomas Aquinas, Montesquieu, John Locke, Adam Smith and Lord Acton.

* Free market values as expressed by Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman and others provide the strongest base for guiding successful government policy in Hong Kong.

Economic liberalism, insofar as it is ideological, owes its creation to the " classical liberal " tradition, in the vein of Adam Smith, Friedrich A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, and Ludwig von Mises.

Hayek, Adam Smith, and others.

Economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930s and the 1940s include Arthur Lewis, Ronald Coase, John Kenneth Galbraith, Abba Lerner, Nicholas Kaldor, George Shackle, Thomas Balogh, Vera Smith, L. K. Jha, Arthur Seldon, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, and Oskar Lange.

A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognize Hayek as the greatest modern economist.

Dogma is a 1999 American adventure fantasy comedy film written and directed by Kevin Smith, who also stars in the film along with an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Linda Fiorentino, Alan Rickman, Bud Cort, Salma Hayek, Chris Rock, Jason Lee, George Carlin, Janeane Garofalo, Alanis Morissette, and Jason Mewes.

* Several Cato Institute-affiliated scholars have achieved academic distinction, including Nobel laureates F. A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, James M. Buchanan, and Vernon L. Smith.

Some twelve economists engaged in the IEA's work have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Economics: Gary Becker, James M. Buchanan, Ronald Coase, Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, John Hicks, James Meade, Douglass C. North, Elinor Ostrom, Vernon L. Smith, George Stigler and Oliver E. Williamson.

Eight MPS members, F. A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Maurice Allais, James M. Buchanan, Ronald Coase, Gary S. Becker and Vernon Smith have won Nobel prizes in economics.

It was only in the 20th century that the relative sophistication found in Smith ’ s work would be reformulated by economists such as Friedrich Hayek, Joseph Schumpeter, and Milton Friedman ( of the Chicago School of economics of the 1960s and 1970s ), resulting in a recipe for a free-market economy:

Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, Milton Friedman, James Buchanan, Vernon Smith, Walter Williams, George Stigler, F. A.

The high-profile music video for the single, running seven minutes and including several dialog sequences, featured Smith, Kool Moe Dee, Dru Hill, and guest appearances from Stevie Wonder, as well as interspersed clips from the film featuring, as their Wild Wild West characters, Kevin Kline, Salma Hayek and Kenneth Branagh.

These include Woody Allen, Angela Bassett, Colin Firth, Johnny Madera, Tim Burton, Scarlett Johansson, Edward Norton, Martin Scorsese, Oliver Stone, Ron Howard, John Travolta, William Hurt, Vanessa Williams, Bill Clinton, Salma Hayek, Isabella Rossellini, Kevin Smith, Daniel Handler, Alec Baldwin, Steven Soderbergh, Omar Sharif and Jonathan Demme.