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Hayek and was
There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the 20th century led by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman.
This difficulty was notably written about by economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, both of whom called it the " economic calculation problem ".
It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in 1920 and later expounded by Friedrich Hayek.
Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for Market Socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange ( 1938 ) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner ( 1934, 1937, 1938 ), which was developed in response to the calculation argument.
Friedrich August Hayek CH (; 8 May 189923 March 1992 ), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek, was a British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism.
Hayek was born in Vienna ( then the capital of Austria-Hungary ), and was the son of August von Hayek, a doctor in the municipal health service.
On his mother's side, Hayek was second-cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.
As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.
In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics.
Hayek suffered damage to his hearing in his left ear during the war, and was decorated for bravery.
Hayek said about his experience: " The decisive influence was really World War I.
Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain.
It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending Ludwig von Mises ' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar.
Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognized as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the coordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.
In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic coordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times.
It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it " that unobtainable book ," also due in part to wartime paper rationing.

Hayek and concerned
Hayek was concerned " with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society ".
In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with " social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention " and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy.

Hayek and about
He argues that Hayek makes peculiar assumptions about demand curves for labor in his explanation of how a decrease in investment spending creates unemployment.
The price conveys embedded information about the abundance of resources as well as their desirability which in turn allows, on the basis of individual consensual decisions, corrections that prevent shortages and surpluses ; Mises and Hayek argued that this is the only possible solution, and without the information provided by market prices socialism lacks a method to rationally allocate resources.
Although he spoke with apprehension at his award speech about the danger which the authority of the prize would lend to an economist, the prize brought much greater public awareness of Hayek and has been described by his biographer as " the great rejuvenating event in his life ".
< p > The most interesting among the courageous dissenters of the 1980s were the classical liberals, disciples of F. A. Hayek, from whom they had learned about the crucial importance of economic freedom and about the often-ignored conceptual difference between liberalism and democracy .</ p >
Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, " As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships.
* The Ludwig von Mises Institute holds a lecture named after Hayek every year at its Austrian Scholars Conference and invites notable academics to speak about subjects relating to Hayek's contributions to the Austrian School.
Friedrich Hayek in particular elaborated the arguments of Weber and Mises about economic calculation into a central part of free market economics's intellectual assault on socialism, as well as into a model for the spontaneous coordination of " dispersed knowledge " in markets.
Economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek wrote about emergence in the context of law, politics, and markets.
" She has confessed to having a longtime crush on Salma Hayek and admits to having fantasized about her.
This is seen by the fact that authoritative sources on neoliberalism, such as Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, David Harvey and Noam Chomsky do not agree about the meaning of neoliberalism.
Hayek whose ideas about spontaneous order and inability of government central planners to create thriving economies are seen in the Center ’ s criticism of targeted tax credits and corporate subsidies used by government economic development bureaucracies ; and James M. Buchanan, whose work in public choice economics has informed many of the organization ’ s critiques of state government programs.
Spencer anticipated many of the analytical standpoints of later libertarian theorists such as Friedrich Hayek, especially in his " law of equal liberty ", his insistence on the limits to predictive knowledge, his model of a spontaneous social order, and his warnings about the " unintended consequences " of collectivist social reforms.
The group included Þorsteinn Pálsson, Geir H. Haarde, Jón Steinar Gunnlaugsson, Kjartan Gunnarsson, Magnús Gunnarsson, Brynjólfur Bjarnason and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson, and they published the magazine Eimreiðin from 1972 to 1975 ; in the following years they followed with interest what was happening in the United Kingdom under Margaret Thatcher and in the United States under Ronald Reagan ; they also read books and articles by and about Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek and James M. Buchanan, who all visited Iceland in the early 1980s and whose messages of limited governments, privatisation, and liberalisation of the economy had a wide impact.
Neoliberals justify their views through the work of Hayek, who viewed the free price system of free markets as a system which exchanged information very efficiently about the state of the economy as prices fluctuated to supply and demand, an idea which was developed into the efficient-market hypothesis.
" When Dame Edna was questioned about the controversy on the eve of her 2003 Australian tour, she retorted that Hayek's denunciation was due to " professional jealousy ", and that Hayek was envious because the role of painter Frida Kahlo ( for which Hayek received an Oscar nomination ) had originally been offered to Edna:
* 54, a 1998 film about Studio 54 starring Ryan Phillippe and Salma Hayek
Friedrich Hayek used the term catallaxy to describe " the order brought about by the mutual adjustment of many individual economies in a market.
The price conveys embedded information about the abundance of resources as well as their desirability which in turn allows, on the basis of individual consensual decisions, corrections that prevent shortages and surpluses ; Mises and Hayek argued that this is the only possible solution, and without the information provided by market prices socialism lacks a method to rationally allocate resources.
Friedrich Hayek argued in 1977 that " prices are an instrument of communication and guidance which embody more information than we directly have ", and therefore " the whole idea that you can bring about the same order based on the division of labor by simple direction falls to the ground ".
Fisher sought out Hayek that year at the London School of Economics where he taught and talked about his plans to go into politics.

Hayek and general
Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before.
I read the Western economic textbooks and also the more general work of people like Hayek.
Hayek visited Chile in the 1970s and 1980s during the Government Junta of general Augusto Pinochet and accepted being named Honorary Chairman of the Centro de Estudios Públicos, the think tank formed by the economists who transformed Chile into a free market economy.
For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that " ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology.
Many years ago, El Mariachi and his wife Carolina ( Salma Hayek ) confronted Marquez in a shootout and wounded the general ; in retaliation, Marquez took the lives of Carolina and their daughter in an ambush.
Significantly, Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism was a capitalist reaction against socialism, instead arguing that fascism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and the power of the state over the individual.

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