The defense also argued that the President reserved the right to test the constitutionality of an act of Congress, in good faith.

On June 22, Allen and Seth Warner appeared before Congress in Philadelphia, where they argued for the inclusion of the Green Mountain Boys in the Continental Army.

After heated debate in Congress, Adams successfully argued to restore the lost funds with interest.

The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution.

Madison then argued that a state, after declaring a federal law unconstitutional, could take action by communicating with other states, attempting to enlist their support, petitioning Congress to repeal the law in question, introducing amendments to the Constitution in Congress, or calling a constitutional convention.

Madison argued that he had never intended his Virginia Resolution to suggest that each individual state had the power to nullify an act of Congress.

Marbury had argued that the Constitution was only intended to set a floor for original jurisdiction that Congress could add to.

Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states, which caused military weakness, as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men.

In April 1921, speaking before a special joint session of Congress which he had called, Harding argued for peacemaking with Germany and Austria, emergency tariffs, new immigration laws, regulation of radio and trans cable communications, retrenchment in government, tax reduction, repeal of wartime excess profits tax, reduction of railroad rates, promotion of agricultural interests, a national budget system, an enlarged merchant marine and a department of public welfare.

# That by retroactively extending copyright terms, Congress had violated the requirements of the Constitution's Copyright Clause, which gives Congress the following power: " To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries " ( emphasis added ) Plaintiffs argued that by reading this formulation so as to allow for any number of retroactive extensions, Congress could in practice guarantee an unlimited period of copyright protection, thus thwarting the intent of the clause.

In response, the government argued that Congress does indeed have the latitude to retroactively extend terms, so long as the individual extensions are also for " limited times ," as required by the Constitution.

Instead, the plaintiffs extended their argument on the copyright clause to note that the clause requires Congress to " promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts ," and argued that retroactive extensions do not directly serve this purpose in the standard quid pro quo previously required by the courts.

Supreme Court precedent, he argued, held that one must be able to discern an " outer limit " to a limited power ; in the case of retrospective copyright extensions, Congress could continue to extend copyright terms indefinitely through a set of limited extensions, thus rendering the " limited times " requirement meaningless.

Levy's heirs argued over his estate, but their lawsuits were settled in 1879, when Uriah Levy's nephew, Jefferson Monroe Levy, a prominent New York lawyer, real estate and stock speculator and member of Congress, bought out the other heirs for $ 10, 050, and took control of the property.

In the prior year's debate in the House Douglas had argued that all of the debate over slavery in the territories was premature ; the time to deal with that issue was when the territory was actually organized by Congress.

It has been argued that the Elkins Act was drafted by Congress on behalf of the railroads, and that while some railroads curtailed rebates for some customers, for others the practice continued unabated.

Constitutional scholars from James Madison to the present day have argued that the term " Officer " excludes members of Congress.

This is sometimes referred to as " bumping " and appears to contradict the text of the Constitution, which says ( in Article II, section 1, Clause 6 ): The Continuity of Government Commission argued that as well as going against the language of the Constitution, bumping violates the doctrine of separation of powers by undermining the independence of the executive from the Congress:

The 1872 Hague Congress was dominated by a struggle between Marx and his followers who argued for parliamentary electoral participation and a faction around Bakunin who opposed it.

Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear: proponents of the bill have argued that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents question whether Congress has the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights ( since amendments postdate the original text of the Constitution and may thus implicitly limit the scope of Article III, Section 2 ).

The 1951 Congress argued that Trotskyists should start to conduct systematic work inside those Communist Parties which were followed by the majority of the working class.

If only state funds were used to pay for the vocational education, it could be argued that the state should not have to bear the cost of vocational training which would benefit employers in other states.

It could be argued that any fellowship which centers in residential neighborhoods is doomed to become an expression of the panic for stable identity among the middle classes.

It could be argued that only such neighborhoods can sustain religious activity, since worship presupposes some local stabilities.

Even so, Gannett judiciously argued, the Association could legitimately decide that Parker `` should not be encouraged nor assisted in diffusing his opinions by those who differ from him in regard to their correctness ''.

Like other scholars of his day ( such as Edward Tylor ), Morgan argued that human societies could be classified into categories of cultural evolution on a scale of progression that ranged from savagery, to barbarism, to civilization.

Influenced by the German tradition, Boas argued that the world was full of distinct cultures, rather than societies whose evolution could be measured by how much or how little " civilization " they had.

Anti-Altaicists Gerard Clauson ( 1956 ), Gerhard Doerfer ( 1963 ), and Alexander Shcherbak argued that the words and features shared by Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic were for the most part borrowings and that the rest could be attributed to chance resemblances.

His theological works argued that religious experience is a fundamentally human impulse, not just a Jewish one, and that no religious community could claim a monopoly on religious truth.

Whorf argued that paying attention to how other physical phenomena are described in the study of linguistics could make valuable contributions to science by pointing out the ways in which certain assumptions about reality are implicit in the structure of language itself, and how language guides the attention of speakers towards certain phenomena in the world which risk becoming overemphasized while leaving other phenomena at risk of being overlooked.

Many fundamental questions of craftsmanship versus mass production, the relationship of usefulness and beauty, the practical purpose of formal beauty in a commonplace object, and whether or not a single proper form could exist, were argued out among its 1, 870 members ( by 1914 ).

Krantz has argued, based on his extrapolation of the shape of its mandible, that Gigantopithecus blacki could have been bipedal.

This development has muddied the waters somewhat as it could be argued that the strain of apostolic succession has been re-introduced into Anglicanism, at least within the Church of England.

Jenkins argued the necessity for a realignment in British politics, and discussed whether this could be brought about from within the existing Liberal Party, or from a new group driven by European principles of social democracy.

Milward argued the German Reich could not fight a long war, so it deliberately refrained from arming in depth, to arming in breadth, to enable it to win a series of quick victories.

Hume argued that England could not permanently gain from exports, because hoarding gold ( i. e., currency ) would make gold more plentiful in England ; therefore, the prices of English goods would rise, making them less attractive exports and making foreign goods more attractive imports.

As a result, it could be argued that there is a moral imperative for an agent to inform himself as much as possible about a situation before judging the appropriate course of action.

In contrast to Antoine-Henri Jomini, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs.

He argued that the fact of existence could not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves could not originate and interact with the movement of the Universe or the progressive actualization of existing things.

Several liberals, including Adam Smith and Richard Cobden, argued that the free exchange of goods between nations could lead to world peace, a view recognised by such modern American political scientists as Dahl, Doyle, Russet, and O ' Neil.

Certain scholars have argued that she should be seen as an early feminist who efficiently used language to convey that women could play an important role within society.

A few generations ago, the classical dialects spoken in the southern Swedish provinces could still be argued to be more Eastern Danish than Swedish, being similar to the dialect of Bornholm.

At trial, the defense team argued that news articles from the time could have been the source for Echols ' knowledge about the genital mutilation, but the prosecution claimed that Echols ' knowledge, which Echols said was limited to what was " on TV ", was nonetheless too close to the actual facts, since there was no public knowledge of drowning or that one victim had been mutilated more than the others.

Rand argued that other people are an enormous value to an individual's well-being ( through education, trade and affection ), but also that this value could be fully realized only under conditions of political and economic freedom.