The medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas, perhaps following the Islamic philosopher Avicenna, argued that God is pure being, and that in God essence and existence are the same.

Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of feudalism, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back " tyrannically " into the historical record.

Duns Scotus argued strongly against both nominalism and conceptualism, arguing instead for Scotist realism, a medieval response to the conceptualism of Abelard.

This is argued by Eisler to indicate that the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting was a conscious process, simultaneously accompanied by an emotional upheaval still remembered in humanity's subconscious, which in turn became reflected in the later medieval superstition of werewolves.

In 1875, when Dowden argued that Shakespeare's late comedies be called " romances ," he did so because they resemble late medieval and early modern " romances ," a genre in which stories took place across expanses of space and time.

Alan V. Murray, however, has argued that, at least for the accounts of Persia and the Turks in his chronicle, William relied on Biblical and earlier medieval legends rather than actual history, and his knowledge " may be less indicative of eastern ethnography than of western mythography.

While most historians consider the low English casualty figures to be improbably low, Rogers has argued that they are consistent with reports of casualties on the winning side in other medieval battles.

Maimonides, a medieval Jewish rationalist, argued that God always held sacrifice inferior to prayer and philosophical meditation.

In 1836, Pugin published Contrasts, a polemical book which argued for the revival of the medieval Gothic style, and also " a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages ".

In his best-known book, The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages ( 1971, with numerous reprints ), Lopez argued that the key contribution of the medieval period to European history was the creation of a commercial economy, centered at first in the Italo-Byzantine eastern Mediterranean, but eventually extending to the Italian city-states and over the rest of Europe.

Some medieval thinkers argued that X's soul is X's only substantial form, responsible for all of the features of X's body.

In contrast, other medieval thinkers argued that a living being contains at least two substantial forms —( 1 ) the shape and structure of its body, and ( 2 ) its soul, which makes its body alive.

These medieval scholars argued that nature was composed of uniform atoms that were " re-created " at every instant by God.

Still, much recent scholarship has argued for the essential unity of the work, which is how it was received by later medieval readers.

He argued that the social, political, demographic and economic changes that occurred between the mid-Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty represented the transition between the medieval ( chūsei ) and early modern ( kinsei ) periods of Chinese history.

He argued in the Six livres that the Trial of the Knights Templar was an example of unjustified persecution, similar to that of the Jews and medieval fraternities.

Men in the movement argued for the inclusion of traditional aspects of liturgy from medieval religious practice, as they believed the church had become too " plain ".

Peter Burke argued that late medieval social elites had their own culture, but were culturally ‘ amphibious ', able to participate in and affect popular traditions.

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England Oxford University Press ; 811 pages ; Examines four distinct versions of English anti-Semitism, from the medieval era ( including the expulsion of Jews in 1290 ) to what is argued is anti-Semitism in the guise of anti-Zionism today.

Omar Khaleefa has argued that the medieval scientist Alhazen should be considered the founder of psychophysics.

* Errata recentiorum medicorum (" Errors of recent doctors ") ( Hagenau, 1530 ), his first publication, in which he argued for the use of " simples " ( herbs ) rather than the noxious " compounds " of arcane ingredients concocted in medieval medicine.

He argued that Jewish traders and manufacturers, excluded from the guilds, developed a distinctive antipathy to the fundamentals of medieval commerce.

Further, Stenton argued that medieval copyists had introduced an error into the manuscripts of the Historia, and that Bede meant that the length of Deusdedit's reign was 9 years and 7 months, rather than 9 years and 4 months as stated in the manuscripts.

A critical period in the history of this work's influence is at the end of the Middle Ages, and beginning of modernity, when several authors such as Niccolò Machiavelli, Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, argued forcefully and largely successfully that the medieval Aristotelian tradition in practical thinking had become a great impediment to practical political thinking in their time.

This underrates the medieval and stoic contributions to logic, as well as the mathematical logic that began with Leibniz's ' universal characteristic ', and which Hegel argued against.

Bob Jones, Sr. argued that if members of Graham ’ s campaign executive committee had rejected major tenets of orthodox Christianity, such as the virgin birth and the deity of Christ, then Graham had violated 2 John 9-11, which prohibits receiving in fellowship those who do “ not abide in the teaching of Christ .” In the 1960s, Graham further irritated fundamentalists by gaining the endorsement of Cardinal Richard Cushing for his Boston campaign and accepting honorary degrees from two Roman Catholic colleges.

The Abbé Sieyès, a theorist and Catholic clergyman, argued the paramount importance of the Third Estate in the pamphlet Qu ' est-ce que le tiers état?

Scholars have argued about the precise interpretation of these accounts, but it is agreed that his conversion corresponded with his break from the Roman Catholic Church.

In Magdeburg, Matthias Flacius and his companions wrote their anti-Catholic pamphlets and the Magdeburg Centuries, in which they argued that the Roman Catholic Church had become the kingdom of the Anti-Christ.

" In modern times a minority of Roman Catholic theologians have argued that polygyny, though not ideal, can be a legitimate form of Christian marriage in certain regions, in particular Africa.

Given this is the feast day used by the Greek Orthodox Church, it has been argued that the discovery was probably made on 18 August, the feast day used by the Roman Catholic Church.

It was also argued that such a course was necessary to ensure Sophia's succession, for Anne's Roman Catholic half-brother was significantly closer to London than Sophia.

In The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1914 ), Constantine Kempf argued that, following Leibniz's work, philosophers called their works on the problem of evil ' theodicies ', and philosophy about God was brought under the discipline of theodicy.

While Catholic scholars maintain that More's attitude in composing Utopia was largely ironic and that he was an orthodox Christian, Marxist theoretician Karl Kautsky argued in the book Thomas More and his Utopia ( 1888 ) that Utopia was a shrewd critique of economic and social exploitation in pre-modern Europe and that More was one of the key intellectual figures in the early development of socialist ideas.

Roman Catholic apologists argued that if the Pope has ultimate authority in the Church, then national churches would be more immune to interference from their governments.

However, some political experts argued that Kennedy's margin of victory had come almost entirely from Catholic areas, and thus Humphrey decided to continue the contest in the heavily Protestant state of West Virginia.

" Kennedy won the Wisconsin primary, but by a smaller margin than anticipated ; some commentators argued that Kennedy's victory margin had come almost entirely from areas that were heavily Roman Catholic, and that Protestants actually supported Humphrey.

Critics argued that Stein was killed because she was Jewish by birth, rather than for her later Christian faith, and that, in the words of Daniel Polish, it seemed to " carry the tacit message encouraging conversionary activities " because " official discussion of the beatification seemed to make a point of conjoining Stein's Catholic faith with her death with ' fellow Jews ' in Auschwitz ".

He argued that there is a distinction between de jure and de facto — that a Catholic was obliged to accept the Church's opinion as to a matter of law ( i. e. as to a matter of doctrine ) but not as to a matter of fact.

Martin Luther rejected parts of the Roman Rite Catholic Mass, specifically the Canon of the Mass ), which, as he argued, did not conform with.

Therefore, the early Protestants argued for the elimination of traditions and doctrines they believed were based on distortions of Scripture, or were contrary to the Bible, but which the Roman Catholic Church considered scripturally-based aspects of the Christian faith, such as transubstantiation, the doctrine of purgatory, the veneration of images or icons, and especially the doctrine that the Pope in Rome is the head of the Church on earth ( Papal supremacy ).

Modernists argued that beliefs of the Church have evolved throughout its history and continue to evolve Anti-modernists viewed these notions as contrary to the dogmas and traditions of the Catholic Church.

It was argued that Anglicanism had preserved the historical apostolic succession of priests and bishops and thus the Catholic sacraments.

He argued that literature's goal should be to project an image of proper Catholic morality.

Authors John W. Houck and Oliver F. Williams of the University of Notre Dame have argued that Catholic social teaching naturally leads to a mixed economy in terms of policy.

The Anti-Transportation League, a group founded in 1849 which was opposed to the transportation of convicts to Australia, argued that such a " Fenian " colony could separate from the British Empire, due to its then largely Irish Catholic make up.

He argued against parliamentary reform (" the railroad to ruin with the Devil for driver "), blamed the Peterloo Massacre on the allegedly revolutionary " rabble " killed and injured by government troops, and opposed Catholic emancipation.

" On the subject of the vast amount of puns employed in the work Joyce argued to Frank Budgeon that " after all, the Holy Roman Catholic Apostolic Church was built on a pun.

" ( I Corinthians 6: 19 ) and he argued that to make himself a fit habitation for the divine a man must, besides holding the Catholic faith and doing works of love, renounce marriage and earthly honour, and practise a hard asceticism.

** Catholic Encyclopedia: Moloch ( A short article, in part denying that Moloch sacrifices were offered to Yahweh as argued in the Encyclopædia Biblica and Jewish Encyclopedia.