Margaret Canovan argues that both these polar views are faulty, and has defined two main branches of modern populism worldwide — agrarian and political — and mapped out seven disparate sub-categories:

Rummel argues that the continuing increase in democracy worldwide will soon lead to an end to wars and democide, possibly around or even before the middle of this century.

Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown.

The PDA also supports fair trade, which it claims protects workers ' rights and the environment, while opposing free trade agreements that it argues allow corporations to exploit unprotected labor worldwide.

This theory has largely displaced an alternative multiregional hypothesis which argues that Homo sapiens evolved as geographically separate but interbreeding populations stemming from a worldwide migration of Homo erectus out of Africa nearly 2. 5 million years ago.

In his 2008 book, The Rise of the Fourth Reich: The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America, Jim Marrs argues that some surviving members of Germany's Third Reich, along with sympathizers in the United States and elsewhere, given safe haven by organizations such as ODESSA and Die Spinne, have been working behind the scenes since the end of World War II to enact at least some of the principles of Nazism ( e. g. militarism, fascism, conquest, widespread spying on citizens, use of corporations and propaganda to control national interests and ideas ) into culture, government, and business worldwide, but primarily in the United States.

Flannery argues that such a city could be completely energy self-sufficient, and would be a model for future city development worldwide.

Wayne Brindle argues, based on Paul's former writings against the Judaizers in Galatians and 2 Corinthians, that rumors had probably spread about Paul totally negating the Jewish existence in a Christian world, see also Antinomianism in the New Testament and Supersessionism.

He argues that the Haida people of the Queen Charlotte Islands originated carving of the poles, and that the practice spread outward to the Tsimshian and Tlingit, and then down the coast to the tribes of British Columbia and northern Washington.

Here he argues that the war on terror served as a justification for the suspension of civil liberties in the USA, while the promise of democracy and freedom was spread abroad as the justification for invading Iraq and Afghanistan.

Hipatia argues that this would " provide the ethical principles which allow the individual to spread his / her knowledge, to help him / herself, to help his / her community and the whole world, with the aim of making society ever more free, more equal, more sustainable, and with greater solidarity.

# Limiting the spread of weapons of mass destruction ; Walt argues that anti-proliferation efforts are most successful when Europe and the US work in concert to bring loose nuclear material into responsible custody.

Olson argues that when the benefits of political action ( e. g., lobbying ) are spread over fewer agents, there is a stronger individual incentive to contribute to that political activity.

Hanna Rosin argues that Section 8 has led to crime being more evenly spread out across U. S. metropolitan areas, without any net decrease.

Steve Huey argues that the release of Cap ' n Jazz's retrospective compilation album Analphabetapolothology helped spread the band's influence " far beyond their original audience ", while also considering the group as influential for the development of emo in the independent music scene.

Hoffer argues that all mass movements such as fascism, communism, and religion spread by promising a glorious future.

He argues that prior to the spread of the Indo-European and Uralic families, Europe must have been a place of great linguistic diversity.

Ruhlen argues that Eurasiatic is supported by stronger and clearer evidence than Dené – Caucasian, and that this also indicates that the spread of Dené – Caucasian occurred before that of Eurasiatic.

Skocpol argues that these three cases, despite being spread over a century and a half, are similar in the sense that all three were Social Revolutions

Tulsa ( 1977: 690-692 ) argues that this culture and its " new contributions " are " nevertheless in line with the cultural traditions of the previous period ", and remarks that " to attribute a historical value to ... the slender links with northwestern Iran and northern Afghanistan ... is a mistake ", since " it could well be the spread of particular objects and, as such, objects that could circulate more easily quite apart from any real contacts.

Weart argues that it is generally better to spread democracy by diplomacy and by slowly promoting internal political change.

" Ross Buncle argues that the late-1970s punk scene in Perth, Australia " opened the door to a host of poseurs, who were less interested in the music than in UK-punk fancy dress and being seen to be hip.

Lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown.

" He argues that the gangster image of American hip hop appeals to mostly young & impoverished minorities in France, as a means to oppose the racism and oppression they experience.

Whereas hip hop is inherently dance music, the writer argues that " grime sounds as if it had been made for a boxing gym, one where the fighters have a lot of punching to do but not much room to move.

Hartwig Vens argues that hip hop can also be viewed as a global learning experience.

Author Jeff Chang argues that " the essence of hip hop is the cipher, born in the Bronx, where competition and community feed each other.

In an article for Village Voice, Greg Tate argues that the commercialization of hip hop is a negative and pervasive phenomenon, writing that " what we call hiphop is now inseparable from what we call the hip hop industry, in which the nouveau riche and the super-rich employers get richer ".

The CRTC argues that allowing free trade in television stations would overwhelm the smaller Canadian market, preventing it from upholding its responsibility to foster a national conversation.

He argues in favor of a society organized around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost ( though not entirely ) exclusively to enforce the legal order ( consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands ) necessary for a market of free individuals to function.

Friedrich Hayek argues for the classical liberal view that market economies allow spontaneous order ; that is, " a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve.

For example, contemporary mutualist Kevin Carson argues in favor of " free market anti-capitalism.

Collins ( 1991 ) argues that the Annales School paradigm underestimated the role of the market economy ; failed to explain the nature of capital investment in the rural economy ; and grossly exaggerated social stability.

Graham White argues, partially on the basis of Sraffianism, that the policy of increased labor market flexibility, including the reduction of minimum wages, does not have an " intellectually coherent " argument in economic theory.

Gary Fields, Professor of Labor Economics and Economics at Cornell University, argues that the standard " textbook model " for the minimum wage is " ambiguous ", and that the standard theoretical arguments incorrectly measure only a one-sector market.

In Full Employment and Free Trade ( 1948 ) Polanyi analyses the way in which money circulates around an economy, and in a monetarist analysis that according to Paul Craig Roberts was thirty years ahead of its time, he argues that a free market economy should not be left to be wholly self-adjusting, a central bank should attempt to moderate economic booms / busts via a strict / loose monetary policy.

In the journal Critique ( Journal of Socialist Theory ), Hillel H. Ticktin argues that the new Soviet rulers found themselves unable to use the market to control and exploit the peasantry and workers.

Graham White argues, partially on the basis of Sraffianism, that the policy of increased labor market flexibility, including the reduction of minimum wages, does not have an " intellectually coherent " argument in economic theory.

Murray Rothbard argues that the amount of gold available is not a bar to a gold standard since the free market will determine the purchasing power of gold money based on its supply.

Banking analyst Meredith Whitney argues that banks will not sell bad assets at fair market values because they are reluctant to take asset write downs.

* The Railway Mania: Not so Great Expectations – Economic article which argues that during the British Railway Mania of the 1840s, railway shares were not obviously overpriced, even at the market peak, but prices still fell dramatically.

Rudd argues that Australia is becoming such a place due to the Howard Government's " market fundamentalism ".

Sheldon Richman, editor of the libertarian journal, The Freeman, also sees the IMF imposing “ corporatist-flavored ‘ neoliberalism ’ on the troubled countries of the world .” The policies of spending cuts coupled with tax increases give “ real market reform a bad name and set back the cause of genuine liberalism .” Paternalistic supranational bureaucrats foster “ long-term dependency, perpetual indebtedness, moral hazard, and politicization, while discrediting market reform and forestalling revolutionary liberal change .” Free market economist Richard M. Salsman goes further and argues the IMF “ is a destructive, crisis-generating global welfare agency that should be abolished .” “ In return for bailouts, countries must enact such measures as new taxes, high interest rates, nationalizations, deportations, and price controls .” Writing in Forbes, E. D. Kain sees the IMF as " paving the way for international corporations entrance into various developing nations " and creating dependency.

Going farther, in his book Kicking Away the Ladder, Korean economist Ha-Joon Chang also argues, based on economic history, that all major developed countries, including the United Kingdom, used interventionist economic policies to promote industrialization and protected national companies until they had reached a level of development in which they were able to compete in the global market, after which those countries adopted free market discourses directed at other countries to obtain two objectives: open their markets to local products and prevent them from adopting the same development strategies that led to the developed nations ' industrialization.

While accepting that under Glass-Steagall financial firms could still have “ made, sold, and securitized risky mortgages, all the while fueling a massive housing bubble and building a highly leveraged, Ponzi-like pyramid of derivatives on top ,” the New Rules Project concludes that commentators who deny the GLBA played a role in the financial crisis “ fail to recognize the significance of 1999 as the pivotal policy-making moment leading up to the crash .” The Project argues 1999 was Congress ’ s opportunity to reject 25 years of “ deregulation ” and “ confront the changing financial system by reaffirming the importance of effective structural safeguards, such as the Glass-Steagall Act's firewall and market share caps to limit the size of banks ; bringing shadow banks into the regulatory framework ; and developing new rules to control the dangers inherent in derivatives and other engineered financial products .”

Ben Shapiro, author of Primetime Propaganda: The True Hollywood Story of How the Left Took Over Your TV, argues that Hollywood has overemphasized the importance of the 18-49 market for advertisers.

He argues that classes develop in market economies in which individuals compete for economic gain.

" He argues that only those organizations that are able to adapt quickly and effectively will be able to excel in their field or market.

Tilly argues that the early growth of social movements was connected to broad economic and political changes including parliamentarization, market capitalization, and proletarianization.