While the earliest cuisine of the United States was influenced by indigenous American Indians, the cuisine of the thirteen colonies or the culture of the antebellum American South ; the overall culture of the nation, its gastronomy and the growing culinary arts became ever more influenced by its changing ethnic mix and immigrant patterns from the 18th and 19th centuries unto the present.

Angus was historically a county ( known officially as Forfarshire from the 18th century until 1928, when it reverted to its ancient name ) until 1975 when it became a district of the Tayside Region.

After the arrival of missionaries in the late 18th century, many Aleuts became Christian by joining the Russian Orthodox Church.

By the 18th century an increasing number of new plants had arrived in Europe from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide and a larger number of plants became available for study.

As the 18th century progressed, the nobility became the primary patrons of instrumental music, and there was a rise in the public taste for comic opera.

These first settlements were abandoned after attacks by Spanish privateers, but English privateers often used the Cayman Islands as a base and in the 18th century they became an increasingly popular hideout for pirates, even after the end of legitimate privateering in 1713.

By the middle of the 18th century, " casuistry " became a synonym for moral laxity.

Cretin became a medical term in the 18th century, from an Alpine French dialect prevalent in a region where persons with such a condition were especially common ( see below ); it saw wide medical use in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then spread more widely in popular English as a markedly derogatory term for a person who behaves stupidly.

As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130, 000.

Deism became more prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Age of Enlightenment — especially in Britain, France, Germany and America — among intellectuals raised as Christians who believed in one God, but found they could not believe in supernatural events such as miracles, the inerrancy of scriptures, or the Trinity.

The epistolary novel as a genre became popular in the 18th century in the works of such authors as Samuel Richardson, with his immensely successful novels Pamela ( 1740 ) and Clarissa ( 1749 ).

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, it became clear to coastal residents that the city or state that succeeded in developing a cheap, reliable route to the West would enjoy economic success, and that the port at the seaward end of such a route would see business increase greatly.

Later in the 18th century, as well as in the early 19th century, the diffuse movement known as Mesmerism became a major expression of esotericism.

At the end of the 18th century it became fashionable for wealthy people to spend the Summer by the sea.

The movement became even more significant in the United States during the series of Great Awakenings of the 18th and 19th centuries, where it drew far more members than in Europe.

The idea of a feudal state or period, in the sense of either a regime or a period dominated by lords who possess financial or social power and prestige, became widely held in middle of the 18th century, thanks to works such as Montesquieu's De L ' Esprit des Lois ( 1748 ; published in English as The Spirit of the Laws ), and Henri de Boulainvilliers ’ s Histoire des anciens Parlements de France ( 1737 ; published in English as An Historical Account of the Antient Parliaments of France or States-General of the Kingdom, 1739 ).

Use of flags outside of military or naval context begins only with the rise of nationalist sentiment by the end of the 18th century ; the earliest national flags date to that period, and during the 19th century it became common for every sovereign state to introduce a national flag.

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed going to college, enlisted in the US Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the youngest aviator in the Navy at the time.

In Britain, new grimoires continued to be produced throughout the 18th century, such as Ebenezer Sibly's A New and Complete Illustration of the Celestial Science of Astrology, which became particularly popular with cunning folk.

The guild system became a target of much criticism towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century.

For common soldiers who could not afford mail or plate armour, the gambeson, combined with a helmet as the only additional protection, remained a common sight on European battlefields during the entire Middle Ages, and its decline-paralleling that of plate armour-came only with the Renaissance, as the use of firearms became more widespread, until by the 18th century it was no longer in military use.

During the 18th century gunpowder factories became increasingly dependent on mechanical energy.

The gray whale became extinct in the North Atlantic in the 18th century.

At the same time, Catalan and Galician became the standard languages in their respective territories, developing important literary traditions and being the normal languages in which public and private documents were issued: Galician from the 13th to the 16th century in Galicia and nearby regions of Asturias and Leon, and Catalan from the 12th to the 18th century in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia, where it was known as Valencian.

Saint-Domingue became known as the " Pearl of the Antilles " – one of the richest colonies in the 18th century French empire.

During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a trendy sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.

Fine arts artists such as painters succeeded in the Renaissance in raising their status, formerly similar to these workers, to a decisively higher level, but in the 20th century the distinction became rather less relevant.

Where in the beginning locally found agates were used to make all types of objects for the European market, this became a globalized business around the turn of the 20th century: Idar-Oberstein imported large quantities of agate from Brazil, as ship's ballast.

In the 20th century it became a convenient place to house prominent members of India's independence movement.

Late in the 20th century, caller ID and prepaid cellphone service became commonplace.

In the 20th century the hill was covered over with buildings and became a part of downtown Ajaccio.

As with the rest of the automotive industry, into the 20th century bus manufacturing increasingly became globalized, with manufacturers producing buses far from their intended market to exploit labour and material cost advantages.

An immigrant from Ukraine, Marie Selig attended college, a rare accomplishment for a woman in the early 20th century, and became a school teacher.

In the late 20th century, the processing of by-products from the Lacq natural gas field near Pau became important, although Bayonne has had higher-than-average unemployment.

Behavior became an important construct in early 20th century psychology with the advent of the paradigm known subsequently as " behaviorism.

During the early 20th century in America, gambling became outlawed and banned by state legislation and social reformers of the time.

In the early 20th century, Louis Brandeis, later appointed to the United States Supreme Court, became noted for his use of policy-driving facts and economics in his briefs, and extensive appendices presenting facts that lead a judge to the advocate's conclusion.

As the early 20th century gold standard was undermined by inflation and the late 20th century fiat dollar hegemony evolved, and as banks proliferated and engaged in more complex transactions and were able to profit from dealings globally on a moment's notice, these practices became mandatory, if only to ensure that there was some limit on the ballooning of money supply.

A cartoonist, paid by the syndicate, or sometimes a relative of the original cartoonist continues writing the strip, a tradition that became commonplace in the early half of the 20th century.

Late in the 20th century, urban police bicycles became more common, as the mobility of car-borne officers was increasingly limited by traffic congestion and pedestrianisation.

During the 20th century, the church grew substantially and became an international organization.

The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later, after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed.

For example, it has been suggested that, in the early 20th century Shanghai, “ Western food, and in particular identifiably nourishing items like milk, became a symbol of a neo-traditional Chinese notion of family .”

While the early Restoration Movement had a tradition of itinerant preachers rather than " located Preachers ", during the 20th century a long-term, formally-trained congregational minister became the norm among Churches of Christ.

In the early 20th century, Equity Rule 48 was replaced with Equity Rule 38 as part of a major restructuring of the Equity Rules, and when federal courts merged their legal and equitable procedural systems in 1938, Equity Rule 38 became Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

This name later became somewhat standard in the latter part of the 20th century ( see swing revival ), presumably because it helped to distinguish the dance from other contemporary dances that share the " shag " designation ( e. g., Carolina Shag ).

Hunter College – so-named in 1914, originally Female Normal and High School and later the Normal College – had existed since 1870, and later expanded into the Bronx in the early 20th century with what became Herbert Lehman College, but CCNY and Hunter resisted merging.

However when combined with land mines, snipers, barbed wire, and air cover, crossfire became a difficult tactic to counter in the early 20th century.