He believed that animals were able to infer the relation between cause and effect in the same way that humans do: through learned expectations.

Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete: it may require strong AI to be done as well as humans can do it.

Although bongos are quite easy for humans to catch via snares ; it is of interest that many people native to the bongos habitat believed that if they ate or touched bongo they would have spasms similar to epileptic seizures.

In humans, behavior is believed to be controlled primarily by the endocrine system and the nervous system.

CJD is at times called a human form of mad cow disease ( bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE ) even though classic CJD is not related to BSE ; however, given that BSE is believed to be the cause of variant Creutzfeldt – Jakob ( vCJD ) disease in humans, the two are often confused.

Neanderthals are believed to have practiced cannibalism, and Neanderthals may have been eaten by anatomically modern humans.

Descartes, for example, has sometimes been blamed for mistreatment of animals due to the fact that he believed only humans have a non-physical mind.

In Serbia a copper axe was found at Prokuplje, which indicates that humans were using metals in Europe by 7, 500 years ago (~ 5, 500 BC ), many years earlier than previously believed.

The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters.

Furthermore it is believed that the Eritrean section of the Danakil Depression was a major player in terms of human evolution and may " document the entire evolution of Homo erectus up to the transition to anatomically modern humans.

Elves were originally thought of as ambivalent beings with certain magical abilities capable of helping or hindering humans, but in later traditions became increasingly sinister and were believed to afflict humans and livestock in various ways.

It could include gods adopted from foreign cultures, and sometimes even humans: deceased pharaohs were believed to be divine, and occasionally, distinguished commoners such as Imhotep also became deified.

They believed that humans possessed a ka, or life-force, which left the body at the point of death.

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist and geologist, believed that evolution unfolded from cell to organism to planet to solar system and ultimately the whole universe, as we humans see it from our limited perspective.

Marx believed that capitalism was exploiting humans ; that the objects produced by laborers became alienated and thus ultimately dehumanized them to functional objects.

Without the oppression of the state, Labadie believed, humans would choose to harmonize with " the great natural laws ... without robbing fellows through interest, profit, rent and taxes.

This has been said to be due to the fact that researchers in the past, such as Lamarck, viewed vertebrates as a " standard ": in Lamarck's theory of evolution, he believed that characteristics acquired through the evolutionary process involved not only survival, but also progression toward a " higher form ", to which humans and vertebrates were closer than invertebrates were.

Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space, so engineers viewed flights by animals as a necessary precursor to human missions.

The COX-3 pathway was believed to fill some of this gap but recent findings make it appear unlikely that it plays any significant role in humans and alternative explanation models are proposed.

Rand believed that egoism was the logical consequence of humans following evidence wherever it leads them.

The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or primitive boats, at least 67, 000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man showed .< ref >

Raphson found the universe to be immeasurable in respect to a human's capacity of understanding, and believed that humans would never be able to comprehend it.

Some anthropologists, such as Sir Edward Burnett Tylor and Sir James George Frazer, believed that the earliest intelligent modern humans practiced something that we would recognize today as prayer.

In ancient Greece, the sophists generally believed that humans were incapable of determining truth but used logos to determine what was best ( or worst ) for the community.

Jury, judge and executioner were riding the range in the form of a single unknown figure that could materialize anywhere, at any time, to dispense an ancient brand of justice the men of the new West had believed long outdated.

She felt the look and looked back because she could not help it, seeing that he was neither as old nor as thick as she had at first believed.

At Yalta the West still believed that Eastern Europe could be kept in its orbit, in spite of the onrushing Soviet armies.

More believed that a man could be both serious and gay.

We have to tell ourselves that when Parker spoke in this vein, he believed what he said, because he could continue, `` But the truth, which cost me bitter tears to say, I must speak, though it cost other tears hotter than fire ''.

Men believed they could control nature by obeying a moral code.

The Taoists believed the unity could be influenced by proper magical manipulation ; ;

He would never have believed, without seeing it, that the bizarre little vessel could go so fast.

The Greeks believed amethyst gems could prevent intoxication, while medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle in the belief that amethysts heal people and keep them cool-headed.

During the Black Death in Europe, people believed that carrying a ball of ambergris could help prevent them from getting the plague.

Alexander believed his work could be applied to improve individual health and well being.

" The next stop, station six, was a blocky crater, where the astronauts believed they could sample the Cayley Formation as evidenced by the firmer soil found there.

" The Chicago Daily Tribune called it “ One of the most spectacular crimes of the 20th century, and what is believed to be the first airplane kidnap murder on record .” Because it occurred somewhere over three Missouri counties, and involved interstate transport of a stolen airplane, it raised questions in legal circles about where, by whom, and even whether he could be prosecuted.

He believed that by using horizon astronomy, observers could make estimates of dates in the year to a specific day.

It once was generally believed that life and its materials had some essential property or substance distinct from any found in non-living matter, and it was thought that only living beings could produce the molecules of life.

Since Daniel was a statesman during the Persian conquests, the Book of Daniel could have been written in a period when the Persians had their greatest influence on Aramaic, believed to be in the mid 6th century BC.

It was believed that destruction of enemy agriculture on a strategic scale could thwart Sino-Soviet aggression in a general war.

This theological viewpoint was also widespread among Judah ’ s neighbors of differing religions who believed the destruction of a particular city could be attributed to the city ’ s deity who was punishing the city for some communal sin or wrongdoing.

He believed that the existence of God could not be determined and was unnecessary.

Both Bob Jones, Sr. and Bob Jones, Jr. believed that film could be an excellent medium for mass evangelism, and in 1950, the university established Unusual Films within the School of Fine Arts.

The Bronze Star Medal was conceived by Colonel Russell P. " Red " Reeder in 1943, who believed it would aid morale if there was a medal which could be awarded by captains of companies or batteries to deserving people serving under them.

Rothman believed otherwise, suggesting Linnaeus could have a future in medicine.

The Navy leadership believed that wars could not be won by strategic bombing alone, with or without the use of nuclear weapons.

Davy further claimed that elements that were then believed to be gases, such as nitrogen and hydrogen could be liquified under the right conditions and would then behave as metals.

The Romans believed chives could relieve the pain from sunburn or a sore throat.