He holds a Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) degree with Honors in Economics from the University of London.

He holds a BSc in Economics and an MSc in Politics of the World Economy, both from the London School of Economics.

He holds a BSc degree from MIT in Earth and Planetary Sciences ( course 12 — EAPS ).

He holds undergraduate degrees in pharmacy from the University of British Columbia, and physics and computing science ( BSc ), and finance ( BBA ) from Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada.

She holds a BSc ( Agric ) from the University of Western Australia and worked with the Western Australian Department of Agriculture as a research officer in 1984 – 87.

She holds a BSc degree in laboratory science from Shahid Beheshti University, a MSc and PhD in immunology from Tarbiat Modares University in 1995, where she still teaches.

He holds a BSc in Physics / Chemistry / Mathematics / Philosophy from St Patrick's College, Maynooth, a HDipEd also from Maynooth and a PhD from National University of Ireland, Galway.

He graduated from K. N. Toosi University of Technology in 1977 and holds a BSc in Mechanical Engineering from Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology ( 1984 ) and a master ’ s degree in Executive Administration ( strategic management ) from the University of Industrial Management ( 2004 )

He holds a BSc from the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa and holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge.

Rincewind is the Egregious Professor of Cruel and Unusual Geography, ( he also holds the Chair of Experimental Serendipity, the Reader in Slood Dynamics, the Fretwork Teacher, the Chair for the Public Misunderstanding of Magic, the Professor of Virtual Anthropology, the Lecturer in Approximate Accuracy, and the Health and Safety Officer ).

Duerr attended the University of Saskatchewan and graduated with a degree in Urban Geography and Regional Urban Development and holds a Masters of Business Administration degree from Haskayne School of the University of Calgary.

Dedina holds a Ph. D. in Geography from the University of Texas at Austin.

Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary, either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.

Like deontology, rule consequentialism holds that moral behavior involves following certain rules.

Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary, either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.

" It has also been implied, especially in the ' alternate future ' story Kingdom Come, that the Clark Kent persona is symbolic of the values taught to him by his wholesome Midwestern parents, the values he holds most dear: his instinctive knowledge of right and wrong that allows him to adopt his Superman persona, without being consumed by the moral implications of his actions ; Superman is the means through which he can bring this example to the world.

Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help and serve others.

Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self ( also known as the subject ) with no higher regard than one has for others ( as egoism does, by elevating self-interests and " the self " to a status not granted to others ), but that one also should not ( as altruism does ) sacrifice one's own interests to help others ' interests, so long as one's own interests ( i. e. one's own desires or well-being ) are substantially equivalent to the others ' interests and well-being.

Associated with the pragmatists, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and especially John Dewey, pragmatic ethics holds that moral correctness evolves similarly to scientific knowledge: socially over the course of many lifetimes.

He holds the position that the alternative seems to be the elaborate philosophical reduction of the word " moral " into a vacuous, useless term.

The Catholic Church holds the position the there is no moral impediment to gambling, so long as it is fair, all bettors have a reasonable chance of winning, there is no fraud involved, and the parties involved do not have actual knowledge of the outcome of the bet ( unless they have disclosed this knowledge )

Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help and serve others.

Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self ( also known as the subject ) with no higher regard than one has for others ( as egoism does, by elevating self-interests and " the self " to a status not granted to others ), but that one also should not ( as altruism does ) sacrifice one's own interests to help others ' interests, so long as one's own interests ( i. e. one's own desires or well-being ) are substantially-equivalent to the others ' interests and well-being.

Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand ( 1905 – 1982 ) that holds: reality exists independent of consciousness ; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic ; the moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest.

*** Moral realism ( in the robust sense ; see moral universalism for the minimalist sense ) holds that such propositions are about robust or mind-independent facts, that is, not facts about any person or group's subjective opinion, but about objective features of the world.

**** Ethical naturalism holds that there are objective moral properties and that these properties are reducible or stand in some metaphysical relation ( such as supervenience ) to entirely non-ethical properties.

Moore, holds that there are objective and irreducible moral properties ( such as the property of ' goodness '), and that we sometimes have intuitive or otherwise a priori awareness of moral properties or of moral truths.

It holds that moral statements are made true or false by the attitudes and / or conventions of people, either those of each society, those of each individual, or those of some particular individual.

** Error theory, another form of moral anti-realism, holds that although ethical claims do express propositions, all such propositions are false.

Hare, holds that moral statements function like universalized imperative sentences.

Meta-ethical theories that imply an empirical epistemology include ethical naturalism, which holds moral facts to be reducible to non-moral facts and thus knowable in the same ways ; and most common forms of ethical subjectivism, which hold that moral facts reduce to facts about individual opinions or cultural conventions and thus are knowable by observation of those conventions.

There are exceptions within subjectivism however, such as ideal observer theory, which implies that moral facts may be known through a rational process, and individualist ethical subjectivism, which holds that moral facts are merely personal opinions and so may be known only through introspection.

According to natural law theory, which holds that morality is a function of human nature and reason can discover valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity in society, the content of positive law cannot be known without some reference to natural law ( or something like it ).

Anarchism is generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful ,< ref name =" definition ">

is a philosophy which holds that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of a creator deity.

Materialism is a realist philosophy of science, which holds that the world is material ; that all phenomena in the universe consist of " matter in motion ," wherein all things are interdependent and interconnected and develop according to natural law ; that the world exists outside us and independently of our perception of it ; that thought is a reflection of the material world in the brain, and that the world is in principle knowable.

Anarchism is generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, Proponents of anarchism, known as " anarchists ", advocate stateless societies based on non-hierarchical voluntary associations.

In philosophy, the theory of materialism holds that the only thing that exists is matter or energy ; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena ( including consciousness ) are the result of material interactions.

If the most commonly accepted attribution of texts ( that of Christian Lindtner ) holds, then he was clearly a Māhayānist, but his philosophy holds assiduously to the Śrāvaka canon, and while he does make explicit references to Mahāyāna texts, he is always careful to stay within the parameters set out by the Śrāvaka canon.

In contemporary philosophy, physicalism is most frequently associated with the mind-body problem in philosophy of mind, regarding which physicalism holds that all that has been ascribed to " mind " is more correctly ascribed to " brain " or the activity of the brain.

Anarchism features the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, that the state cannot be used to establish a socialist economy and proposes a political alternative based on federated decentralised autonomous communities.

That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned ; That until there are no longer first-class and second-class citizens of any nation ; That until the colour of a man's skin is of no more significance than the colour of his eyes ; That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race ; That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained ; And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed ; Until bigotry and prejudice and malicious and inhuman self-interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good-will ; Until all Africans stand and speak as free beings, equal in the eyes of all men, as they are in the eyes of Heaven ; Until that day, the African continent will not know peace.

Based on the fundamental concepts of monism and Non-duality, this philosophy holds that Magic is little more than the application of one's own inherent unity with the universe.

Reflecting the anarchist philosophy from which it draws its primary inspiration, anarcho-syndicalism holds to the idea that power corrupts.

He studied at the University of London and Bern, and holds degrees in German, philosophy, and natural science.

Musonius pays much more attention to ethics than logic or physics ; for he holds that philosophy is nothing else than an investigation and practice of what is becoming and obligatory ; and philosophy, he says, is merely the pursuit of a virtuous life.

" Idealism holds that a state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its foreign policy.

In what is perhaps his most complete articulation of his political philosophy, a foreword he wrote for Canadian Idealism and the Philosophy of Freedom, he explains that, " The idealist current holds that human society has the potential to achieve liberty when people work together to form a society in which equality means more than negative liberty, the absolute and protected right to run races against each other to determine winners.

Confronting the various systems co-ordinated as sensualism, idealism, skepticism, mysticism, with the facts of consciousness, the chasm result was reached " that each system expresses an order of phenomena and ideas, which is in truth very real, but which is not alone in consciousness, and which at the same time holds an almost exclusive place in the system ; whence it follows that each system is not false but incomplete, and that in re-uniting all incomplete systems, we should have a complete philosophy, adequate to the totality of consciousness.

Dualism is closely associated with the philosophy of René Descartes ( 1641 ), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical substance.

began an increasing promotion of and identification with " Deep Ecology ", a philosophy put forward by Arne Næss, Bill Devall, and George Sessions, which holds that all forms of life on Earth have equal value in and of themselves, without regard for their utility to human beings.

From this vantage-ground Ritschl criticizes the use of Aristotelianism and speculative philosophy in scholastic and Protestant theology, He holds that such philosophy is too shallow for theology.

An important philosophy of experimental biology holds that radically different organisms solve similar problems in similar ways.