During the early twentieth century, electro-mechanical machines were invented to do encryption and decryption using transposition, polyalphabetic substitution, and a kind of " additive " substitution.

Although these encryption methods were more complex than previous schemes and required machines to encrypt and decrypt, other machines such as the British Bombe were invented to crack these encryption methods.

* Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by the standard of his day, and invented the first polyalphabetic cipher which is now known as the Alberti cipher and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Disk.

* The Colossus computer is invented by the British to break German encryption ( see History of computing hardware ).

Skipjack was invented by the National Security Agency of the U. S. Government ; this algorithm was initially classified SECRET, which prevented it from being subjected to peer review from the encryption research community.

Cocks was intrigued, and invented, in 1973, what has become known as the RSA encryption algorithm, realising Ellis ' idea.

* Playfair cipher-a manual encryption technique invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone

The ElGamal signature scheme must not be confused with ElGamal encryption which was also invented by Taher ElGamal.

Arithmetic coding, invented by Jorma Rissanen, and turned into a practical method by Witten, Neal, and Cleary, achieves superior compression to the better-known Huffman algorithm, and lends itself especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the predictions are strongly context-dependent.

Early in the 1970s, the asymmetric key algorithm was invented by staff member Clifford Cocks, a mathematics graduate: this fact was kept secret until 1997.

Mark Nelson, frustrated over many cranks trying to claim having invented a magic compression algorithm appearing in comp. compression, has constructed a 415, 241 byte binary file () of highly entropic content, and issued a public challenge of $ 100 to anyone to write a program that, together with its input, would be smaller than his provided binary data yet be able to reconstitute (" decompress ") it without error.

Merge sort is a divide and conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945.

Often algorithms for those problems had to be separately invented and could not be naïvely adapted from well-known algorithms – Gaussian elimination and Euclidean algorithm rely on operations performed in sequence.

A computer algorithm was invented for radix sort in 1954 at MIT by Harold H. Seward.

Edsger Dijkstra invented the shunting-yard algorithm to convert infix expressions to postfix ( RPN ), so named because its operation resembles that of a railroad shunting yard.

It avoids the strict alternation of a naïve turn-taking algorithm, and was one of the first mutual exclusion algorithms to be invented.

Alexander Strong invented the algorithm, and Kevin Karplus did the first analysis of how it worked.

Soon afterwards, Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman invented the RSA algorithm, which could be used to produce primitive digital signatures ( although only as a proof-of-concept —" plain " RSA signatures are not secure < ref > For example any integer r " signs " m = r < sup > e </ sup > and the product s < sub > 1 </ sub > s < sub > 2 </ sub > of any two valid signatures s < sub > 1 </ sub >, s < sub > 2 </ sub > of m < sub > 1 </ sub >, m < sub > 2 </ sub > is a valid signature of the product m < sub > 1 </ sub > m < sub > 2 </ sub >.</ ref >).

The original SVM algorithm was invented by Vladimir N. Vapnik and the current standard incarnation ( soft margin ) was proposed by Vapnik and Corinna Cortes in 1995.

STP is based on an algorithm invented by Radia Perlman while working for Digital Equipment Corporation.

The rsync utility uses an algorithm invented by the Australian computer programmer Andrew Tridgell for efficiently transmitting a structure ( such as a file ) across a communications link when the receiving computer already has a similar, but not identical, version of the same structure.

The perceptron algorithm was invented in 1957 at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory by Frank Rosenblatt.

In computer science, the Aho – Corasick string matching algorithm is a string searching algorithm invented by Alfred V. Aho and Margaret J. Corasick.

** Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, invented the quantum database search algorithm.

* The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS.

An early two-subproblem D & C algorithm that was specifically developed for computers and properly analyzed is the merge sort algorithm, invented by John von Neumann in 1945.

Another notable example is the algorithm invented by Anatolii A. Karatsuba in 1960 that could multiply two n-digit numbers in operations ( in Big O notation ).

In his 1969 doctoral thesis, Warnock invented the Warnock algorithm for hidden surface determination in computer graphics.

While there, Rabin invented the Miller-Rabin primality test, a randomized algorithm that can determine very quickly ( but with a tiny probability of error ) whether a number is prime.

The Liquid War shortest path algorithm was invented by Thomas Colcombet before the game itself.

In 1967 he invented the Viterbi algorithm, which he used for decoding convolutionally encoded data.

Bliss-characters can now be used in a creative way to create many new arbitrary concepts, by surrounding the invented words with special Bliss indicators ( similar to punctuation ), something which was not possible in the ISO-IR / 169 encoding.

In 1965, Fred Gastoff invented the vinyl pom-pon, which was introduced into competitions by the International Cheerleading Foundation ( now the World Cheerleading Association or WCA ).

Before the DNS was invented in 1982, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS. TXT from a computer at SRI ( now SRI International ).

* " Our eyes see very little and very badly – so people dreamed up the microscope to let them see invisible phenomena ; they invented the telescope ... now they have perfected the cinecamera to penetrate more deeply into the visible world, to explore and record visual phenomena so that what is happening now, which will have to be taken account of in the future, is not forgotten.

Some of his early novels, called " scientific romances ", invented a number of themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon.

In 1991 NCR Corporation / AT & T ( now Alcatel-Lucent and LSI Corporation ) invented the precursor to 802. 11 in Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.

The specific accusations made against John during the baronial revolts are now generally considered to have been invented for the purposes of justifying the revolt ; nonetheless, most of John's contemporaries seem to have held a poor opinion of his sexual behaviour.

However, by now most such languages have borrowed the numeral system or part of the numeral system of a national or colonial language, though in a few cases ( such as Guarani ), a numeral system has been invented internally rather than borrowed.

He invented the cyanotype process, now familiar as the " blueprint ".

A team led by Henri de France working at Compagnie Française de Télévision ( later bought by Thomson, now Technicolor ) invented SECAM.

Upwords, recently renamed " Scrabble Upwords " by Hasbro, is a board game invented by Elliot Rudell and originally published by the Milton Bradley Company ( which is now a division of Hasbro ).

This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated.

Around 1890, the modern fluid bearing was invented, now universally used to support heavy water turbine spindles.

In 1958, instant noodles were invented by Momofuku Ando, the Taiwanese-Japanese founder and chairman of Nissin Foods, now run by his son Koki Ando.

In 1968, Juergen Staudte invented a process for manufacturing quartz crystal oscillators while working at North American Aviation ( now Rockwell ).

The original Hungarian notation, which would now be called Apps Hungarian, was invented by Charles Simonyi, a programmer who worked at Xerox PARC circa 1972 – 1981, and who later became Chief Architect at Microsoft.

They have now a thoroughly organised army equipped with guns which one of their own officers has invented and which is said to be second to none.

Further refinement produced the plunge router, invented by ELU ( now part of DeWalt ) in Germany in the late 1940s.

The process used to make the Steinway rim called rim-bending was invented by Steinway in 1878, and had been covered by a patent, now expired.

* 1816 – Robert Stirling invented his hot air Stirling engine, and what we now call a " regenerator ".

On top of it all, modern science has invented many artificial ways to prolong human life ( for example, there are TV ads for organ transplants ), and longevity among humans is now a fact with life expectancy having climbed to over the 100-year mark.

There is also a dried fruit based Christmas pudding, and the almond flavoured Bakewell tart originating from the town of Bakewell., Banoffee pie now known internationally was invented by a Sussex restauranteur in the 1970s.

Wells recorded " the general strike of the plebeians ; the plebeians seem to have invented the strike, which now makes its first appearance in history.