Their inherent focus on practical implementation of technology has tended to keep them oriented more towards incremental-level redesigns and reconfigurations, as opposed to revolutionary research & development or ideas that would be many years from clinical adoption ; however, there is a growing effort to expand this time-horizon over which clinical engineers can influence the trajectory of biomedical innovation.

In the former, the Rump was anxious not to offend the traditional ruling class whose support it needed for survival, so it opposed radical ideas.

In the 17th century, liberal ideas began to influence governments in Europe, in nations such as The Netherlands, Switzerland, England and Poland, but they were strongly opposed, often by armed might, by those who favored absolute monarchy and established religion.

Trotsky's ideas formed the basis of Trotskyism, a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism.

Kent Bromley, in his preface to Peter Kropotkin's book The Conquest of Bread, considered early French socialist Charles Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarroti.

Amongst those who followed these ideas were the English poets and painters that constituted the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who, from about 1850, opposed the dominant trend of industrial Victorian England, because of their " opposition to technical skill without inspiration " They were influenced by the writings of the art critic John Ruskin ( 1819 – 1900 ), who had strong feelings about the role of art in helping to improve the lives of the urban working classes, in the rapidly expanding industrial cities of Britain.

Murray now became more and more emotional in her defence of her ideas, claiming that anyone who opposed her did so out of religious prejudice.

It was widely supported in the Edinburgh and London schools of higher anatomy around 1830, notably by Robert Edmond Grant, but was opposed by Karl Ernst von Baer's ideas of divergence, and attacked by Richard Owen in the 1830s.

Clausewitz used a dialectical method to construct his argument, leading to frequent modern misinterpretation because he explores various — often opposed — ideas before coming to conclusions.

" He described Rhea County as priding itself on a kind of tolerance or what he called " lack of Christian heat ," opposed to outside ideas but without hating those who held them.

Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.

Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful.

According to Benetton “ These are symbolic images of reconciliation — with a touch of ironic hope and constructive provocation — to stimulate reflection on how politics, faith and ideas, even when they are divergent and mutually opposed, must still lead to dialogue and mediation ”.

Through Savigny and his circle of friends — German romantics such as Clemens Brentano and Ludwig Achim von Arnim — the Grimms were introduced to the ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder, who felt that German literature should return to what he defined as Volkspoesie ( natural poetry ) as opposed to Kunstpoesie ( artistic poetry ).

This theory draws its roots from two almost diametrically opposed ideas: the hard money policies that dominated monetary thinking in the late 19th century, and the monetary theories of John Maynard Keynes, who, working in the inter-war period during the failure of the restored gold standard, proposed a demand-driven model for money which was the foundation of macroeconomics.

Dawkins coined the term " selfish gene " as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution as opposed to the views focused on the organism and the group, popularizing ideas developed during the 1960s by W. D. Hamilton and others.

Although it draws heavily on symbiosis ideas first put forward by mid-19th century scientists and by Merezhkovsky ( 1905 ) and Ivan Wallin ( 1920 ) in the early-20th century, Margulis's endosymbiotic theory formulation is the first to rely on direct microbiological observations ( as opposed to paleontological or zoological observations which were previously the norm for new works in evolutionary biology ).

1 ) The World Social Forum is an open meeting place for reflective thinking, democratic debate of ideas, formulation of proposals, free exchange of experiences and interlinking for effective action, by groups and movements of civil society that are opposed to neo-liberalism and to domination of the world by capital and any form of imperialism, and are committed to building a planetary society directed towards fruitful relationships among Mankind and between it and the Earth.

Descartes and dualism aim to prove the actual existence of reality as opposed to a phantom existence ( as well as the existence of God in Descartes ' case ), using the realm of ideas merely as a starting point, but solipsism usually finds those further arguments unconvincing.

The relevance of Mendelism to evolution was unclear and hotly debated, especially by Bateson, who opposed the biometric ideas of his former teacher Weldon.

There, while continuing to write, he put his political ideas into practice by working with groups that opposed a wood chip plant, a trash incinerator, a condo development on the Lake Champlain waterfront, and a luxury marina.

" Vidalian ” geography is based on varied forms of cartography and on possibilism ( founded on a societal approach of geography i. e. on the principle of spaces polymorphic faces depending from many factors among them mankind, culture, and ideas ) as opposed to determinism.

On the other hand, when a right-wing Conservative member of Parliament, Edwin Linkomies, proposed in 1934 that Finland abandon parliamentarism in favour of a government led by the President and that the President be given an absolute veto power over the laws passed by the Parliament, Svinhufvud opposed his ideas.

" Only if Emancipation came from changes within society, as opposed to abstract ideas imposed upon society, could it be a reality.

Philo states his theology both through the negation of opposed ideas, and through detailed, positive explanations of the nature of God.

Though, Chilean Air Force General Fernando Matthei opposed a preventive war and responded that I can guarantee that the Peruvians would destroy the Chilean Air Force in the first five minutes of the war.

In the case of GroenLinks, this was mostly the policy of preventive searching by the police, which they were opposed to but had to allow.

Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers.

Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers.

It is quite evident that the people of Western Europe are overwhelmingly opposed to participation in a nuclear war.

His proposal is opposed to that of Richard Nixon, Governor Rockefeller, past chairmen Strauss and McCone of the Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Edward Teller and those others now enjoying their hour of triumph in the exacerbation of the cold war.

that he was `` devoting an average of 100 hours a month to actual preaching publicly '', in addition to 50 to 75 hours in other ministerial duties, and that he opposed war in any form.

It is thus much better equipped for fulfilling its civil roles as opposed to providing a deterrence against would-be aggressors or in defending the nation during a war.

* Germany, already heavily involved in internal Ottoman politics, officially opposed a war against the Empire.

In 1938 Attlee opposed the Munich Agreement in which Chamberlain negotiated with Hitler to give Germany the German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland: We all feel relief that war has not come this time.

Their counterparts are known as trolls who are less " professional " and write obvious and blunt remarks to incite a flame war, as opposed to the more subtle, yet precise flamers.

The Italian Socialist Party opposed the war on the grounds of internationalism, but a number of Italian revolutionary syndicalists supported intervention against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the grounds that their reactionary regimes needed to be defeated to ensure the success of socialism.

On the other end of the political spectrum Robespierre opposed a war on two grounds, fearing that it would strengthen the monarchy and military at the expense of the revolution, and that it would incur the anger of ordinary people in Austria and elsewhere.

In the senate he opposed the young and ambitious Scipio Africanus, who wanted to carry the war to Africa.

Nevertheless the Carthaginian faction that opposed the conflict, led by the land-owning aristocrat Hanno the Great, gained power and in 244 BC, and considering the war to be over, started the demobilization of the fleet, giving the Romans a chance to again attain naval superiority.

At the beginning of the war the governments of White Finland and Red Finland officially opposed acts of terror, but such operational decisions were made at the military level.

Orwell was opposed to rearmament against Nazi Germany — but he changed his view after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of the war.

On the night of the 10 August, the Jacobins, who had mainly opposed the war, suspended the monarchy.

The May 1958 seizure of power in Algiers by French army units and French settlers opposed to concessions in the face of Arab nationalist insurrection led to the fall of the French government and a presidential invitation to de Gaulle to form an emergency government to forestall the threat of civil war.

Labor leader Arthur Calwell bitterly opposed Australia's part in the war and promised that Australian troops would be brought home if Labor won office, and opposition to overseas service by Australian conscripts had long been part of ALP policy.

Furthermore, the primary manufacturers of harmonicas were based in Germany and Japan, who happened to be the Axis powers opposed to the United States and the Allied forces in the war.

The idea was initially opposed by Largo Caballero, but after the first setbacks of the war, he changed his mind, and finally agreed to the operation on 22 October.

Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed.

Madison found the war to be an administrative nightmare, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system ; as a result, he afterward supported a stronger national government and a strong military, as well as the national bank, which he had long opposed.

) He opposed the Vietnam War and, along with Bertrand Russell and others, organized a tribunal intended to expose U. S. war crimes, which became known as the Russell Tribunal in 1967.

Baron Ernst von Weizsäcker, ( the State Secretary 1938 – 1943 ) opposed the general trend in German foreign policy towards attacking Czechoslovakia: he feared that it might cause a general war that Germany would lose.

Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of WWII.

The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase, favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon, and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain.

Those who opposed the war, such as Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, saw themselves as further to the left.