Like most of France's regional languages ( such as Breton, Provençal and Alsatian ) Lorraine Franconian was largely replaced by French with the advent of mandatory public schooling in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The reform also replaced 65 as the mandatory retirement age with a “ retirement window ” ranging between 63 and 65 for employees who had worked for at least thirty-five years.

Patronymics are still in use, including mandatory use, in many places world wide, although their use has largely been replaced by family names.

In Sweden, where beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866, the guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903 and was used only once, in the execution of murderer Alfred Ander in 1910 at Långholmen Prison, Stockholm.

Marshall Loeb was named managing editor in 1986 and stepped down in May 1994 upon hitting Time Inc .' s mandatory retirement age of 65, to be replaced by Walter Kiechel III, an executive editor at the publication.

This system proved to be economically unfeasible and has been replaced by a mandatory 401K-like structure.

In 1857, a Lower Education law replaced the 1806 law supplementing the mandatory curriculum with geometry, geography, history, natural sciences, and singing.

With the incoming class of 1999 the Faculty eliminated its civil, common, and National programs, and replaced them with a single program, which includes some mandatory first-year courses and some upper-year courses which integrate both common and civil law.

The system was adopted in 1872 by François Merry Delabost, a French doctor and inventor, who when he was surgeon-general in Bonne Nouvelle prison in Rouen, France replaced individual baths with mandatory communal showers for use by prisoners, arguing that they were more economic and hygienic.

For age category of 12-15 and 15-18, imprisonment is removed and replaced by mandatory training and education programs.

Consumers complained loudly about the 1974 " mandatory seat belt " system, and it was replaced in 1975 with a simple reminder buzzer and light.

738 ( effective January 13, 2005 )), which replaced the indeterminate sentencing scheme of the Rockefeller Drug Laws with a determinate system and reduced mandatory minimum prison sentences for non-violent felony drug offenders.

In the case of an airline ticket the e-ticket rapidly replaced the older multi-layered paper tickets ( from close to zero to 100 % in about 10 years ) and became mandatory for IATA members as from June 1, 2008.

Angola's war for independence did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of a coup in Portugal that replaced the Caetano regime.

* In 38 BC, Octavian replaced his praenomen " Gaius " and nomen " Julius " with Imperator, the title by which troops hailed their leader after military success, officially becoming Imperator Caesar Divi Filius

Using as a pretext the insulting behavior of a few Tlatelolcan citizens, Axayacatl invaded his neighbor, killed its ruler, Moquihuix, and replaced him with a military governor.

* Revolution of 1930: Second military overthrow of government, in which President Washington Luís was replaced by Getúlio Vargas, who became the Provisional President.

Due to failure to curb deepening unrest in the northern part of the country, Gambi was in July 2006 replaced with Bozizé ’ s old friend from the military academy, Jules Bernard Ouandé.

Giant, multinational corporations have for the most part replaced governments as centers of political, economic, and even military power.

The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit ( de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy ) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England ( after the English Civil War ) from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660.

__NOTOC__The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a controversial and tightly controlled plebiscite on September 11, 1980, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, partially effective March 11, 1981, fully effective 11 March 1990 and amended considerably on August 17, 1989 ( via referendum ) and on September 22, 2005 ( legislatively ), and also in 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, replaced the earlier constitution of 1925.

Until 1962, the martial law continued while Field Marshal Ayub Khan purged a number of politicians and civil servants from the government and replaced them with military officers.

The significant recoil of the M14 when fired in full-automatic mode was seen as a problem as it reduced accuracy, and in the 1960s it was replaced by Eugene Stoner's AR-15, which also marked a switch from the powerful. 30 caliber cartridges used by the U. S. military up until early in the Vietnam War to the much less powerful but far lighter and light recoiling. 223 caliber ( 5. 56mm ) intermediate cartridge.

In 1954 a military government replaced Arbenz ' government and disbanded the legislature and they arrested communist leaders, Castillo Armas became president.

In 1991, the CMRN was replaced by a mixed military and civilian body, the Transitional Council for National Recovery ( CTRN ), with Conté as president and a mandate to manage a five-year transition to full civilian rule.

Himmler's tenure as a military commander ended on 20 March, when Hitler replaced him with General Gotthard Heinrici as Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Vistula.

Besides appointing Weizsäcker State Secretary, Ribbentrop fired Ulrich von Hassell as Ambassador to Italy and replaced him with Mackensen, appointed Herbert von Dirksen to London to serve as his successor as Ambassador to Britain and prompted the military attaché in Tokyo General Eugen Ott to Ambassador to replace Dirksen.

General Gilles Andriamahazo ruled after Ratsimandrava for four months before being replaced by another military appointee: Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka, who ushered in the socialist-Marxist Second Republic that ran under his tenure from 1975 to 1993.

The election was won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, who was ousted by a military coup in 2008 and replaced by general Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz.

This version remained the primary infantry rifle of U. S. forces in South Vietnam until the end of the war in 1973, and remained with all U. S. military ground forces after it had replaced the M14 service rifle in 1970 in CONUS, Europe ( Germany ), and South Korea ; when it was supplemented by the M16A2.

Gen. Humberto Ortega was replaced, in accordance with a new military code enacted in 1994 by Gen. Joaquín Cuadra, who espoused a policy of greater professionalism in the renamed Army of Nicaragua.

There were strikes and demonstrations in Addis Ababa in 1974 ; and in February of that year, Haile Selassie ’ s government was replaced by the Derg, a military junta led by Mengistu Hailemariam ; but the Council was still Amhara-dominated, with only 25 non-Amhara members out of 125.

Pakistan's Obsolete-secular policies were replaced by the new Islamic Shariah legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military.

Many rifles, often referred to as rifled muskets, were very similar to the muskets they replaced, but the military also experimented with other designs.

Following the severe territorial losses of 1940 ( see next section ), Carol was forced to abdicate, replaced as king by his son Mihai, but the power was taken by the military dictator Ion Antonescu ( initially in conjunction with the Iron Guard ).

Other users of the radio spectrum, such as the broadcasting and electronic countermeasures industries, have replaced the traditional military designations with their own systems.

Revolvers have been largely replaced by semi-automatic pistols in military and law enforcement applications.

About 26,500 miles of existing trails will be replaced in service by the construction of new roads.

Despite the service he rendered to the Qajar government, Hasan Ali Shah was dismissed from the governorship of Kerman in 1837, less than two years after his arrival there, and was replaced by Firuz Mirza Nusrat al-Dawla, a younger brother of Muhammad Shah Qajar.

The lack of RAM expansion offered by this solution was solved by a service in which the 16 KB RAM chips inside the base unit would be replaced by 64 KB RAM chips.

AIM Call Out is a discontinued Voice over IP PC-PC, PC-Phone and Phone-to-PC service provided by AOL via its AOL Instant Messenger ( AIM ) application that replaced the defunct AIM Phoneline service in November 2007.

Most other US Navy and allied navy destroyers, destroyer escorts, frigates, and several different classes of cruisers only carried the one ASROC ' matchbox ' MK 112 launcher with eight ASROC missiles ( although later in service, some of those missiles could be replaced by the Harpoon anti-ship missile ).

The services replaced Ceefax, the BBC's analogue teletext service, and is only available via digital television receivers.

Wealth-producing primary sector jobs in the U. S. such as those in manufacturing and computer software have often been replaced by much lower paying wealth-consuming jobs such as those in retail and government in the service sector when the economy recovered from recessions.

In late 2004, Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia ( RTVC ) replaced the liquidated Inravisión ( Instituto Nacional de Radio y Televisión ) as the government-run radio and television broadcasting service, which oversees three national television stations and five radio companies ( which operate about a dozen principal networks ).

58 standard service rifle, gradually replaced by CZ 805 Bren

In U. S. service, the M16 assault rifle replaced the M14 as the standard infantry weapon, although the M14 continued to be used by designated marksmen.

The service was discontinued in conjunction with the retirement of the parent AMPS service ; it has been functionally replaced by faster services such as 1xRTT, EV-DO, and UMTS / HSPA.

Top Up TV later replaced it ; however, this service is shrinking as the DVB-T multiplex owners are finding free-to-air broadcasting more profitable.

Introduced by AT & T in 1963, the Touch-Tone system using the telephone keypad gradually replaced the use of rotary dial and has become the industry standard for landline service.

In most churches of the Anglican Communion, the Eucharist is celebrated every Sunday, having replaced Morning Prayer as the principal service.

In 1989 Greenpeace commissioned a replacement vessel, also named the Rainbow Warrior ( also referred as Rainbow Warrior II ), which was retired from service on the 16th of August 2011 to be replaced by the third Rainbow Warrior.

Since the World War II, copper and plastic piping has replaced galvanized piping for interior drinking water service, but galvanized steel pipes are still used in outdoor applications where mechanical strength is required.

After the Gatling gun was replaced in service by newer recoil-or gas-operated non-rotating machine guns and automatic cannons, the approach of using multiple rotating barrels fell into disuse for many decades, reappearing after World War II with the development of the M61 Vulcan.

By the end of the 1960s – 1970s, most western countries had completely replaced steam locomotives in passenger service.

Colza oil replaced whale oil in the early 1850s, but U. S. farmers ' lack of interest in growing this caused the service to switch to lard oil in the mid 1850s.

In the Israel Defense Forces most of the M16A1 rifles were replaced by the M4A1 carbine as the standard issued rifle in the early 2000s, although they remained in service with reserve soldiers and less combatant troops.