He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy ( PCd ' I, later PCI ) and, after Gramsci was jailed by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, he became the senior leader of the PCd ' I until his death, for which he also directed Il Comunista.
He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Iran ( not to be confused with the Tudeh Party ), established in 1920, in Rasht.
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