However, the foundation of memetics in full modern incarnation originates in the publication in 1996 of two books by authors outside the academic mainstream: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by former Microsoft executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker player, Richard Brodie, and Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at Fermilab.

* C. P. Ramanujam ( 1938 – 1974 ), an Indian mathematician who worked on number theory and algebraic geometry

In the early 16th century it was the residence of the astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus, who lived and worked here as a canon ( 1512 – 16 and 1522 – 43 ).

A former mathematician and physicist who worked for NASA in the 1950s, he had a star named in his honour.

Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer ForMemRS (; February 27, 1881 – December 2, 1966 ), usually cited as L. E. J. Brouwer but known to his friends as Bertus, was a Dutch mathematician and philosopher, a graduate of the University of Amsterdam, who worked in topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis.

Jerzy Witold Różycki (; Vilshana, near Kiev, July 24, 1909 – January 9, 1942, Mediterranean Sea, near the Balearic Islands ) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who worked at breaking German Enigma-machine ciphers.

His only child was the distinguished applied mathematician Louis Napoleon George Filon, who worked with Karl Pearson.

Edmund Georg Hermann Landau ( 14 February 1877 – 19 February 1938 ) was a German Jewish mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and complex analysis.

Jean Leray (; 7 November 1906 – 10 November 1998 ) was a French mathematician, who worked on both partial differential equations and algebraic topology.

Pitts also worked closely with the mathematician Alston Householder who was part of Rashevsky's group.

Christian Kramp ( July 8, 1760 – May 13, 1826 ) was a French mathematician, who worked primarily with factorials.

Leopold Kronecker ( December 7, 1823 – December 29, 1891 ) was a German mathematician who worked on number theory and algebra.

His father worked as a school headmaster and clergyman, but was also a very able mathematician with a keen interest in mechanics.

Pierre-Simon Girard ( 4 November 1765 – 30 November 1836 ) was a French mathematician and engineer, who worked on fluid mechanics.

Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de Prony ( July 22, 1755-July 29, 1839 ) was a French mathematician and engineer, who worked on hydraulics.

* March 2-J. Carson Mark, mathematician who worked on development of nuclear weapons ( born 1913 )

* Élie Cartan ( 1869 – 1951 ), French mathematician who worked with Lie groups

* Henri Cartan ( 1904-2008 ), French mathematician who worked in algebraic topology, son of the above

The mathematician and cryptologist Alan Turing worked here in the latter part of the War on secure speech " scambling ", and developing ideas that led to his design of the Automatic Computing Engine, one of the World's first detailed computer designs.

was a British mathematician who worked as a cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing.

* July 6-J. Carson Mark, mathematician who worked on development of nuclear weapons ( d. 1997 )

* Wei-Liang Chow, mathematician who worked in algebraic geometry

Henryk Zygalski (; 15 July 1908, Poznań – 30 August 1978, Liss ) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who worked at breaking German Enigma ciphers before and during World War II.

In 1817, he was appointed as a professor and astronomer at the Paris Observatory and worked with scientist and mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace.

Notable academics who have worked at Ulster include historian Antony Alcock, ecologist Amyan Macfadyen, political scientist Monica McWilliams, poets Andrew Waterman and James Simmons, physicists Robin Williams and Gareth Roberts, mathematician Ralph Henstock, law professors Brice Dickson and Denis Moloney, Professor of Nursing Research Brendan McCormack and former principal and theologian Edwin Ewart.

During the summers, while he was still in school, Mercer worked for his father's firm as a messenger boy.

We also worked out logistics for Sunday afternoon swimmers who arrive two hours early with their weekend guests while we are still enjoying an alfresco lunch en famille.

We have not the leisure, or the patience, or the skill, to comprehend what was working in the mind and heart of a then recent graduate from the Harvard Divinity School who would muster the audacity to contradict his most formidable instructor, the majesterial Andrews Norton, by saying that, while he believed Jesus `` like other religious teachers '', worked miracles, `` I see not how a miracle proves a doctrine ''.

Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence ( for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information ).

His father Isamu, a member of a former samurai family from the Akita Prefecture, worked as the director of the Army's Physical Education Institute's lower secondary school, while his mother Shima came from a merchant's family living in Osaka.

Cash and his family sang it to themselves while they worked in the cotton fields following Jack's death.

In the 1780s while Mozart lived and worked in Vienna, he and his father Leopold wrote in their letters that several " cabals " of Italians led by Salieri were actively putting roadblocks in the way of Mozart's obtaining certain posts or staging his operas.

Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut.

Of these, 4, 308 or about 53. 5 % of the residents worked outside Aarau while 17, 419 people commuted into the municipality for work.

A number of these were collected by David H. Ahl while he worked at DEC and published in a newsletter he compiled.

Watterson was born in Washington, D. C., where his father, James G. Watterson ( born 1932 ), worked as a patent examiner while going to George Washington University Law School before becoming a patent attorney in 1960.

", while Pera collected and grew cultures from the hospital where he worked.

At the time of his birth, Chaplin's parents were both entertainers in the music hall tradition: Hannah, the daughter of a shoemaker, had a brief and unsuccessful career under the stage name Lily Harley, while Charles Sr., a butcher's son, worked as a popular singer.

Therefore, while the basic features of this epoch have been worked out in the Big Bang theory, the details are largely based on educated guesses.

He worked for a while in a small publishing house while attempting to sell his drawings to newspapers and other printed material with little success.

Edouard van Beneden and Theodor Boveri made the first observation and identification of centrioles in 1883 and 1888 respectively, while the pattern of centriole replication was first worked out independently by Etienne de Harven and Joseph G. Gall circa 1950

They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked, in order to earn the tuitions.

For example, during the 2008 flooding, Credit Island in the city's southwest corner remained closed for 5½ months while crews worked on cleaning up damage and removing river debris.

His mother, Margaret Mary " Peggy " ( née Burns ) worked as a cinema usherette, while his father, Haywood Stenton " John " Jones was a promotions officer for Barnardo's.

Former NSA employee Margaret Newsham claims that she worked on the configuration and installation of software that makes up the ECHELON system while employed at Lockheed Martin, for whom she worked from 1974 to 1984 in Sunnyvale, California, US, and in Menwith Hill, England, UK.

Less than a week after the Westminster convention ended, while Allen and the committee worked on their petition, the American Revolutionary War began.

Mary's closest confidant, Charles V's ambassador Simon Renard, argued that her throne would never be safe while Elizabeth lived ; and the Chancellor, Stephen Gardiner, worked to have Elizabeth put on trial.

Knute Rockne and Gus Dorais worked on the pass while lifeguarding on a Lake Erie beach at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, during the summer of 1913.