Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), famous for its explicit ethnocentrism, considers Western civilization as the most accomplished of all, while Kant also allowed some traces of racialism to enter his work.

The Young Hegelians, by contrast, took Hegel's thoughts on societies shaped by the forces of social conflict for a doctrine of progress, and attempted to chart a course that would manipulate these forces to lead to various improved outcomes.

Climacus rejects Hegel's suppression of individuality by pointing out it is impossible to create a valid set of rules or system in any society which can adequately describe existence for any one individual.

Process may be integrative, destructive or both together, allowing for aspects of interdependence, influence, and confluence, and addressing coherence in universal as well as particular developments, which aspects are not condign to Hegel's system.

ed., 1966 ) Popper unleashed a famous attack on Hegelian dialectics, in which he held that Hegel's thought ( unjustly, in the view of some philosophers, such as Walter Kaufmann ,) was to some degree responsible for facilitating the rise of fascism in Europe by encouraging and justifying irrationalism.

Consider, for instance, these remarks in the introduction to Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History:

Kaufmann claims that Hegel's original meaning of the sentence is not a carte blanche for state dominance and brutality but merely a reference to the state's importance as part of the process of history.

The term ' Right Hegelian ', for example, was never actually used by those it was ascribed to, Hegel's direct successors at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität ( now the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ), and was actually first used by David Strauss to describe Bruno Bauer ( who is, confusingly, a typically ' Left ' Hegelian ).

In politics the Young Hegelians dropped much of Hegel's political theory and for the most part turned to republicanism-the exceptions being Moses Hess, who mixed Hegelianism with communism, and of course Marx and Engels.

In his Prolegomena to Historiosophy, Cieszkowski argues that we have gone from Art ( the Past ), which was a stage of contemplating the Real, to Philosophy ( the Present ), which is a contemplation of the Ideal, and that since Hegel's philosophy was the summing-up and perfection of Philosophy, the time of Philosophy was up, and the time for a new era has dawned-the era of Action.

It is an influential but difficult work that provides a controversial account of empirical justification for beliefs, covering some of the same ground as Hegel's critique of Kant but informed by a deep sensitivity to contemporary modes of scientific naturalism.

His philosophy attempted to account for an eternal consciousness or mind that was similar to Berkeley's concept of God and Hegel's Absolute.

Hence for Hegel and his successors, dialectics inevitably lead to the approval of the status quo — indeed, Hegel's philosophy served as a justification for Christian theology and the Prussian state.

Hegel giving a speechIn Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's work, The Science of Logic ( 1812 ), Hegel had criticized Aristotle's laws of classical logic for being static, rather than dynamic and becoming, and had replaced it with his own dialectical logic.

Instead of philosophy being located on top of the pyramid of knowledge, as in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, it becomes a simple tool for rationalism and sciences.

Marx uses Hegel's notion of categories, which are forms, for economics: The commodity form, the money form, the capital form etc.

The argument for this claim draws heavily on Hegel's great work, the Phenomenology of Spirit.

The second main section of Kant's book, the ' Transcendental Doctrine of Method ', which determines the ' formal conditions of a complete system of pure reason ' ( A708, B735 ), is also relevant, especially to Hegel's concern for system.

Karl Marx appropriated both Hegel's philosophy of history and the empirical ethics dominant in Britain, transforming Hegel's ideas into a strictly materialist form, setting the grounds for the development of a science of society.

He has published three books: Fichte's Theory of Subjectivity ( Cambridge University Press, 1990 ); Foundations of Hegel's Social Theory: Actualizing Freedom ( Harvard University Press, 2000 ), which argues for the centrality of " social freedom " in Hegel's political thought ; and " Rousseau's Theodicy of Self-Love: Evil, Rationality, and the Drive for Recognition.

In Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy: Greek Philosophy to Plato, Hegel describes Socrates as having catalepsy caused by magnetic somnambulism when in deep meditation.

Idealism is a broad category that includes several diverse themes, from Kant's radical doubt about what can truly be perceived externally to Hegel's Absolute Ideal as the verification of the sum of potential manifestations of matter and concepts.

British idealism was influenced by Hegel at least in broad outline, and undeniably adopted some of Hegel's terminology and doctrines.

( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ) and, in part, ( 1 ) made up the subject-matter of the ' formal ', ' classical ' or ' traditional ' logic of Hegel's day.

Marx's view of history, which came to be called historical materialism ( controversially adapted as the philosophy of dialectical materialism by Engels and Lenin ) certainly shows the influence of Hegel's claim that one should view reality ( and history ) dialectically.

At the time, Kierkegaard's philosophy exerted a strong influence, chiefly through its claim to pose an alternative to Idealism and Hegel's philosophy of history.

But Hegel's influence is due in a still larger measure to two extrinsic circumstances.

In science, too, and in literature, the substitution of the category of becoming for the category of being is a very patent fact, and is due to the influence of Hegel's method.

In the philosophy of religion, Hegel's influence soon became very powerful in the English-speaking world.

The history of any such human endeavor, moreover, not only builds upon but also reacts against what has gone before ; this is the source of Hegel's famous dialectic teaching usually summed up by the slogan " thesis, antithesis, and synthesis ".

Hegel's comments on a particular play may better elucidate his theory: " Viewed externally, Hamlet's death may be seen to have been brought about accidentally ... but in Hamlet's soul, we understand that death has lurked from the beginning: the sandbank of finitude cannot suffice his sorrow and tenderness, such grief and nausea at all conditions of life ... we feel he is a man whom inner disgust has almost consumed well before death comes upon him from outside.

This work is Hegel's most mature statement of his legal, moral, social and political philosophy and is an expansion upon concepts only briefly dealt with in the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, published in 1817 ( and again in 1827 and 1830 ).

In Hegel's view, Fries was dependent upon " immediate perception and contingent imagination "; his views were emotional rather than rational.

Here, too, it was that Hegel's philosophy of history made a deep impression upon him.

Marx drew on Hegel's philosophy, the political economy of Adam Smith, Ricardian economics, and nineteenth-century French socialism to develop a critique of society which he claimed was both scientific and revolutionary.

Dialectical materialism is essentially characterized by the thesis that history is the product of class struggles and follows the general Hegelian principle of philosophy of history, that is the development of the thesis into its antithesis which is sublated by the Aufhebung (" synthesis "), although this three-part process was not explicitly characterized in terms of a thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in Hegel's writings.

Marx endorsed this materialist philosophy against Hegel's idealism ; he " turned Hegel's dialectics upside down.

) Hegel's famous aphorism, " Philosophy is the history of philosophy ," describes it bluntly.

Hegel called his philosophy " absolute " idealism in contrast to the " subjective idealism " of Berkeley and the " transcendental idealism " of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel's idealism was.

Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality.

A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences ( 1817 – 1830 ) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of " mutual recognition.

* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy ;

As far as it is a reflexive practice philosophy always already incorporates its own considering e. g. by appealing to its own tradition, to its opponents or to its history ; thus historicist philosophies, such as Hegel's, are metaphilosophies without mention of the term.

Although Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history.

Hegel's Absolute idealism and Whitehead's Process philosophy were later systems.

In Hegel's philosophy of history, the expression Weltgeschichte ist Weltgericht ( World History is a tribunal that judges the World ) is used to assert the view that History is what judges men, their actions and their opinions.

Hegel's Absolute idealism and Whitehead's Process philosophy were later systems.

The value of these works is impaired somewhat by Baur's habit of making the history of dogma conform to the formulae of Hegel's philosophy, a procedure " which only served to obscure the truth and profundity of his conception of history as a true development of the human mind " ( Pfleiderer ).

Feuerbach became associated with a group known as the Young Hegelians, alternately known as the Left Hegelians, who synthesized a radical offshoot of Hegelian philosophy, interpreting Hegel's dialectic march of spirit through history to mean that existing Western culture and institutional forms — and, in particular, Christianity — would be superseded.

He studied law first at the Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin, then at Göttingen, and finally at Heidelberg, where he attended G. W. F. Hegel's lectures, and became thoroughly imbued with the principles of Hegel's philosophy.

Although Møller had studied the works of Hegel in great depth, he later became skeptical of Hegel's philosophy.