Elements of historicism appear in the writings of Italian philosopher G. B. Vico and French essayist Michel de Montaigne, and became fully developed with the dialectic of G. W. F. Hegel, influential in 19th-century Europe.

# Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – The Phenomenology of Spirit ; Science of Logic ; Elements of the Philosophy of Right ; Lectures on the Philosophy of History

In his History of Philosophy Hegel writes:

" However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned statement, is that Hegel, in the Philosophy of Right, believed the best solution was to surrender one's individuality to the customs of the State, identifying right and wrong in view of the prevailing bourgeois morality.

* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Philosophy of Right ( Oxford University Press 1967 )

* A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel ’ s Philosophy of Right-Marx's original reference to religion as the opium of the people.

According to Hegel, "... the only thought which Philosophy brings with it to the contemplation of History, is the simple conception of reason ; that reason is the Sovereign of the World ; that the history of the world, therefore, presents us with a rational process.

* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Philosophy of Fine Art

* Hegel ’ s Philosophy of Right and Hegel ’ s Theory of the Modern State by Shlomo Avineri

At the end of his Lectures on the Philosophy of History, Hegel leaves open the possibility that history has yet to accomplish certain tasks related to the inner organization of the state.

Philosophy is always late, it is only an interpretation of what is rational in the real — and, according to Hegel, only what is recognized as rational is real.

In the preface to his Philosophy of Right, Hegel criticised Fries ' participation in student events and his role in the Burschenschaft.

It was briefly praised, however, by Hegel in his Philosophy of Right.

# Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – Phenomenology of Spirit ; Philosophy of Right ; Lectures on the Philosophy of History

* WOLFF from Hegel ’ s Lectures on the History of Philosophy

* “ Comment ” on Robert B. Brandom, “ Some Pragmatist Themes in Hegel ’ s Idealism ”, European Journal of Philosophy vii ( 1999 ), 190-3.

" here seems to be a striking simlarity between Maimon ’ s discussion of Spinoza in the Lebensgeschichte ( Maimon's autobiography ) and Hegel ’ s discussion of Spinoza in the Lectures in the History of Philosophy.

* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles on Fichte, Reinhold, Kant, Hegel, and Schelling.

He was critical of Hegel in his work, Progress and Regress in Philosophy.

In lieu of the Enlightenment belief in historical progress and stages espoused by Hegel ( often in a racist, Eurocentric manner, as in his Lectures on the Philosophy of History ), Marx pursues in these research notes a decidedly empirical approach to analyzing historical changes and different modes of production, emphasizing without forcing them into a teleological paradigm the rich varieties of communal productions throughout the world and the critical importance of collective working-class antagonism in the development of capitalism.

Marx in the Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel ’ s Philosophy of Right described religion as the instrument of the bourgeois class to easily dominate the minds of the proletariat and inspire subservience to authority and acceptance of the status quo in return for future reward in the after death ' life '.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ) presented a strong evolutionist account of history in the Lectures on the Philosophy of History ( Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte, 1837 ) chronicling the development of the historical Geist ( Spirit ) through serial realisations of Volkgeister ( Folk Spirits ).

In his books, Natural Right and History and On Tyranny, Strauss offers a complete critique of historicism as it emerges in the works of Hegel, Marx, and Heidegger.

At first influenced by Schelling, Marheineke found a new master in G. W. F. Hegel, and came to be regarded as the leader of the Hegelian Right.

* The Search for Historical Meaning: Hegel and the Postwar American Right, Northern Illinois Univ Press, 1986 ISBN 0-87580-114-5

They differed from the Old Hegelians, or the Right Hegelians, in that the latter were orthodox followers who strived to keep Hegel ’ s philosophy intact.

The Right Hegelians, Old Hegelians, or the Hegelian Right, were those followers of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in the early 19th century who took his philosophy in a politically and religiously conservative direction.

In his Philosophy of Right, Hegel wrote that:

* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( 1975 ), Aesthetics.

By a 20th-century classification, the idealists ( Kant, Hegel and others ), are considered the beginning of continental philosophy, while the empiricists are the beginning, or the immediate predecessors, of analytical philosophy.

In A Critique of Postcolonial Reason ( 1999 ), Spivak explored how major works of European metaphysics ( such as those of Kant and Hegel ) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects.

It may be traced to the ancient Ionian philosophers ( particularly Anaximenes ), from whom Aristotle, Hegel and Engels inherited the concept.

* Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory ( 1941 ), Presents the Hegelian Perspective along with a critique of Marxism and positivist philosophy .< ref name = oxfordref >" Marcuse, Herbert " A Dictionary of Sociology.

Marx became interested in, but critical of, the work of the German philosopher G. W. F Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ), whose ideas were widely debated amongst European philosophical circles at the time.

Romantic nationalism formed a key strand in the philosophy of Hegel ( 1770-1831 ), who argued that there was a " spirit of the age " or zeitgeist that inhabited a particular people at a particular time, and that, when that people became the active determiner of history, it was simply because their cultural and political moment had come.

Here, he briefly studied under the philosopher Jean Hyppolite ( 1907 – 1968 ), an existentialist and expert on the work of 19th century German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ).

Although studying an array of subjects at the school, Foucault's particular interest was soon drawn to philosophy, reading not only the works of Hegel and Marx that he had been exposed to by Hyppolite but also studying the writings of the philosophers Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ) and most significantly, Martin Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ).

The concept of dialectics was given new life by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( following Fichte ), whose dialectically dynamic model of nature and of history made it, as it were, a fundamental aspect of the nature of reality ( instead of regarding the contradictions into which dialectics leads as a sign of the sterility of the dialectical method, as Immanuel Kant tended to do in his Critique of Pure Reason ).

The three most prominent German Idealists were Fichte ( 1762 – 1814 ), Schelling ( 1775 – 1854 ) and Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ).

Hegel described a succession of historic stages in the human Geist ( Spirit ), by which the human spirit progresses from ignorance towards perfect self-understanding.

After Kant, Hegel developed a complex theodicy in the Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), which based its conception of history on dialectics: the negative ( wars, etc.

His marked opposition to the philosophy of Hegel, then dominant in Berlin, was shown more clearly in the short tract, Neue Grundlegung zur Metaphysik ( 1822 ), intended to be the programme for his lectures as Privatdozent, and in the able treatise, Grundlegung zur Physik der Sitten ( 1822 ), written, in direct antagonism to Kant's Metaphysic of Ethics, to deduce ethical principles from a basis of empirical feeling.

* “ L ’ idealismo di Hegel come radicalizzazione di Kant ”, in Iride 34 ( 2001 ), 527-48.

* “ Hegel and the Myth of the Given ”, in Wolfgang Welsch und Klaus Vieweg, Herausg., Das Interesse des Denkens: Hegel aus heutiger Sicht ( München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2003 ), pp. 75 – 88.

in Deutschland von Kant bis Hegel ( 1837 – 1838 ); Anthropologie und Psychologie ( 1840 ); Esquisse de logique ( Paris, 1856 ); Naturrecht oder Rechtsphilosophie ( 1866 ); Hegel der unwiderlegte Weltphilosoph ( 1870 ), Wahrheit aus meinem Leben ( 1886 ).

Hegel giving a speechIn Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's work, The Science of Logic ( 1812 ), Hegel had criticized Aristotle's laws of classical logic for being static, rather than dynamic and becoming, and had replaced it with his own dialectical logic.

* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ), philosopher